The first in a two-volume anthology of primary, secondary and visual sources, this reader provides a broad introduction to the evolution of World Civilizations from ancient history to 1700, and gives students insight into how historians use and interpret evidence in an effort to broaden their understanding of civilizations around the world. A wide selection of documents, images, maps and charts is presented along with chapter-opening timelines, source introductions, points for consideration, and questions designed to clarify the material and stimulate discussion. The reader is organized chronologically, but also provides an alternate topical Table of Contents, which allows instructors and students to compare sources across cultures and time periods. A new feature to this edition, "Using This Book," assists students in fully analyzing sources and context.

Photographs, illustrations, maps, charts, and texts are celebrating the arrival of a larger size and beautiful colors to the fourth edition of World Civilizations: Sources, Images, and Interpretations. This collection of primary, secondary, and visual sources for world history survey courses offers a broad introduction to the materials historians use and the interpretations historians make.

This text also provides introductions, commentaries, guides, and questions, making it a truly valuable source for world history courses. The selections and accompanying notes, drawn from a vast spectrum of approaches, provide insight into how historians work and place the material in a context that furthers readers understanding.

Dennis Sherman is Professor of History at John Jay College of Criminal Justice, the City University of New York. He received his B.A. (1962) and J.D. (1965) degrees from the University of California at Berkeley and his Ph.D. (1970) from the University of Michigan . . He was Visiting Professor at the University of Paris (1978-79; 1985). He has received the Ford Foundation Prize Fellowship, the Council for Research on Economic History fellowship, and fellowships from the National Endowment for the Humanities. His publications include A Short History of Western Civilization, 8th edition (co-author); Western Civilization: Sources, Images, and Interpretations, 5th edition; World Civilizations: Sources, Images, and Interpretations, 2nd Edition (co-author); a series of introductions in the Garland Library of War and Peace; several articles and reviews on nineteenth-century French economic and social history in American and European journals, and short stories on literary reviews.A. Tom Grunfeld is a professor of history at the State University of New York/Empire State College. He received his B.A. from the State University of New York/College at Old Westbury in 1972, his M.A. from the University of London/School of Oriental and African Studies in 1973, and his Ph.D. from New York University in 1985. He has received numerous travel and research grants from, among others, the National Endowment for the Humanities (1984), the Research Foundation of the City University of New York (1985), and the State University of New York and the Ford Foundation (1993). His publications include over 100 articles in periodicals published in over a dozen countries, The Making of Modern Tibet (1996), and On Her Own: Journalistic Adventures from the San Francisco Earthquake to the Chinese Revolution, 1917-1927 (1993), The Vietnam War: A History in Documents (with Marilyn Young and John Fitzgerald) (2001). He has lived and traveled extensively throughout Asia since 1966 and is a frequent commentator on Chinese and Tibetan matters for BBC Radio and CNN International.David Rosner is Professor of History and Public Health at Columbia University and Co-Director of the new Program in the History of Public Health and Medicine at Columbia's Mailman School of Public Health. He received his M.S. in Public Health from the University of Massachusetts and his doctorate from Harvard in the History of Science and, until recently, was the University Distinguished Professor of History at the City University of New York. In addition to numerous grants, he has been a Guggenheim Fellow, a National Endowment for the Humanities Fellow, and a Josiah Macy Fellow. He has been awarded the Distinguished Scholar's Prize from the City University and recently, the Viseltear Prize for Outstanding Work in the History of Public Health from the APHA. He is author of A Once Charitable Enterprise (Cambridge University Press, 1982; Princeton University Press, 1987), and editor of Archives of Sickness, Epidemics and Public Health in New York City (Rutgers University Press, 1995) and Health Care in America: essays in Social History (with Susan Reverby). In addition, he has co-authored and edited with Gerald Markowitz numerous books and articles, including Children, Race, and Power: Kenneth and Mamie Clark's Northside Center (1996), Deadly Dust: Silicosis and the Politics of Industrial Disease (1991), Dying for Work: Safety and Health in the United States(1987), and "Slaves of the Depression": Workers' Letters about life on the Job (1987). Currently, he and Gerald Markowitz are working on a book on the boundaries between occupational and environmental health for the University of California Press.

Topical Contents

Preface

Using this Book

A Note on Chinese Romanization

1. Early Civilizations of Southwestern Asia and Northeastern Africa

Primary Sources

Using Primary Sources: The Laws of Hammurabi

The Epic of Gilgamesh

The Laws of Hammurabi

Hymn to the Pharaoh

Harkhuf, Egypts Southern Neighbors

The Old TestamentGenesis and Exodus

The Aton Hymn and Psalm 104: The Egyptians and the Hebrews

Visual Sources

Using Visual Sources: The “Royal Standard” of Ur

Sumer: The “Royal Standard” of Ur

Egyptian Wall Paintings from the Tomb of Menna

The Environment and the Rise of Civilization in Southwestern Asia and Northeatern Africa

Secondary Sources

Using Secondary Sources: The Agricultural Revolution

Robert J. Braidwood, The Agricultural Revolution

William H. McNeill, The Process of Civilization

Herbert J. Muller, Freedom in the Ancient World: Civilization in Sumer

Barbara S. Lesko, Women of Egypt and the Ancient Near East

2. India to C.E. 500

Primary Sources

The Lawbook of Manu: The Caste System

The Mah¿bh¿rata

The Lawbook of Manu: Marriage and Sexual Activity

The K¿mas¿tra

The Book of Sermons: The Teachings of Jainism

The Book of Later Instructions: Janian Ideals

The Life of Buddha: The Origins of Buddhism

The Mahayana Tradition: The compassion of a Bodhisattva

Visual Sources

Gateway at S¿nch¿

Geography and Linguistic Divisions: The Indian Subcontinent

Secondary Sources

Jonathan Mark Kenoyer, The Ancient City of Harappa

A. L. Basham, Aspects of Ancient Indian Culture

W. Norman Brown, Cultural Continuity in India

3. China, to C.E. 500

Primary Sources

The Analects: The Confucian School

A Confucian Poem: The Role of Women

Buddhist Song: The Stages of a Womans Life

Mencius: How to Be a Good Ruler

Han Fei Zi (Han Fei Tzu), Eminence in Learning: the Legalist School

Daoist Writings: “The Wise Judge” and “Social Connections”

Visual Sources

Salt Mining

A Chinese House

Chinese Bureaucracy

Chinas Warring States

Secondary Sources

Evelyn S. Rawski, Kinship in Chinese Culture

Richard J. Smith, Chinas Cultural Heritage

4. The Mediterranean Basin: Greek Civilization

Primary Sources

Homer, The Iliad

Semonides of Amorgos, Poem on Women

Xenophon, Constitution of the Lacedemonians

Thucydides, the History of the Peloponnesian War: Athens during the Golden Age

Sophocles, Antigone

Plato, The Republic

Hippocrates, Medicine and Magic

Visual Sources

Trade, Culture, and Colonization

Migration and Colonization

The Womens Quarters

Secondary Sources

Anthony Andrews, The Greeks: Slavery

Finley Hooper, Greek Realities

5. The Mediterranean Basin: Roman Civilization and the Origins of Christianity

Primary Sources

Polybius, Histories: The Roman Constitution

Diodorus of Sicily, The Ethiopians

Pliny the Younger, Letters: the Daily Life of a Roman Governor

The Gospel According to St. Matthew

St. Jerome, The Fall of Rome

Visual Sources

The Geographic and Cultural Environment

Commerce and Culture East and West

Carved Gemstone: Augustus and the Empire Transformed

Tomb Decoration: Death and Roman Culture

Secondary Sources

Gillian Clark, Roman Women

Carl Roebuck, The World of Ancient Times: The Appeal of Christianity

A. H. M. Jones, The Later Roman Empire

6. The Rise of Islam

Primary Sources

The Qur'an

Hasan al-Basrî, Letter to ‘Umar II: Islamic Asceticism

Avicenna, Autobiography of an Islamic Scholar

Us¿mah Ibn-Munqidh, Memoirs: Cultural Interactions

Visual Sources

Manuscript Illuminations: Scenes from the Life of Muhammad

The Spread of Islam in Africa

Secondary Sources

Ira Lapidus, The Expansion of Islam

W. Montgomery Watt, The Muslim Pattern of Conquest

Albert Hourani, The Islamic World

Peter Brown, the Eastern Orientation of Islam

7. India and Southeast Asia, 500-1500

Primary Sources

Muhammad Mujir Wajib Adib, The Key to Paradise: Islam in India

Muhammad Baquir Khan, The Four Legs of the Realm

Barni, Governmental Appointments

Guru Nanak, Sikhism

Nguyen Khac Vien, Traditional Vietnam

Zhou Daguan (Chou Ta-Kuan), An Account of Cambodia

Visual Sources

Trade along the Shores of the Indian Ocean

The Borobudur Stupa: An Oceangoing Ship

Women and the Sultan

Secondary Sources

Percival Spear, Islam in India

Richard Eaton, India the “Honey Jar” and the Lure of Trade

Than Tun, The Traditional Burmese Legal System

8. China and Japan, 500-1500

Primary Sources

Wang Daokun (Wang Tao-kun), The Biography of Zhu Jiefuy (Chu Chieh-Fu): Merchants in China

The Lady Who Was a Beggar: Women in Chinese Society

Secret Societies in China

Kitabatake Chikafusa, The Records of the Legitimate Succession of the Divine Sovereigns: Japanese Uniqueness

Tales of Uji: Dishonest Priests

Ban Zhao (Pan Chao), Lessons for Women

Visual Sources

Culture, Politics, and Power in Tang China 618-907

Zhang Zeduan (Chang Tse-tuan), Riverside Scene in Qing Ming (Ching Ming) Festival

The Glory of the Samurai

Secondary Sources

Jacques Gernet, Daily Life in China in the 13th Century

Ichisada Miyazaki, The Imperial Examination System

Jeffrey P. Mass, Women in Early Japan

Philip Snow, The Maritime Expeditions

9. The Mongols, the Turks, and the Middle East, 1000-1500

Primary Sources

al-J¿hiz, Turks and Arabs

William of Rubruck, Mongol Gender Relations

Ahmed ibn Arabshah, Timur the Great Amir

Kritovoulos, Mehmed the Conqueror

Visual Sources

Cruelties of Conquest

M¿r Sayyid ‘Al¿, Life in the Camp: The Nomadic Tent

Power in Central Asia and the Middle East

Secondary Sources

Charles Halperin, Chinggis Khan

Thomas T. Allsen, Mongol Imperialism

Morris Rossabi, The Status of Women under Mongol Rule

Albert Habib Hourani, Muslim Arabs and Others

C. E. Bosworth, The Mongols and the Ottoman Turks

10. The Struggle for Order in the West: Europes Middle Ages, 500-1300

Primary Sources

The Institutes of Justinian: Byzantium and the Legacy of Roman Law

Feudal Contracts and Obligations

Pope Gregory VII, Letters: Secular and Ecclesiastical Authority

Reginald of Durham, The Life of Saint Godric: A Merchant Adventurer

Gratian, The Decretum: Medieval WomenNot in Gods Image

Pope Urban II, The Opening of the Crusades

St. Francis of Assisi, The Rule of St. Francis

Visual Sources

Illustration from a Gospel Book: Christianity and Early Medieval Culture

Pol de Limbourg, Medieval Life

Contraction and Expansion in the Middle Ages

Secondary Sources

Henri Pirenne, Mohammed and Charlemagne: The Beginnings of Medieval Civilization

Jo Ann McNamara and Suzanne F. Wemple, Sanctity and Power: The Dual Pursuit of Medieval Women

Jacques Le Goff, Medieval Values

Robert Browning, The Byzantine Empire: Defeat, Decline, and Resilience

David Herlihy, Ecological Conditions and Demographic Change

11. Transitions in the West, 1300-1500

Primary Sources

Giovanni Boccaccio, the Decameron: The Plague in Florence

The Goodman of Paris: Instructions on Being a Good Wife

Francesco Petrarch, A Letter to Boccaccio: Literary Humanism

Peter Paul Vergerio, On the Liberal Arts

Christine de Pizan, The City of Ladies

Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince

Visual Sources

The Triumph of Death

Hans Holbein, Wealth, Culture, and Diplomacy

Jan van Eyck, Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride: Symbolism and the Northern Renaissance

Unrest in the Late Middle Ages

Food and Crime

Secondary Sources

William L. Langer, A Psychological Perspective of the Black Death

Jacob Burckhardt, The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy

Peter Burke, The Myth of the Renaissance

12. Civilizations of Sub-Saharan Africa and the Americas

Primary Sources

Ibn Battuta, A Muslims View of the African Kingdom of Mali

Chronicles of an Ethiopian King

Jo¿o dos Santos, Ethiopia Oriental: Courtly Life in an African Kingdom

Pieter de Marees, Political Practices in West Africa

Pedro Cieza de Leon, The Chronicle of Peru: The Incas

Human Poma, A Peruvian Chiefs Description of Inca Society

Bernal Diaz del Castillo, Memoirs: The Aztecs

Visual Sources

West African Goldweights

The Western Sudan in the 14th Century: Trade Routes and Politics

Mayan Woman and Children

The Americas in 1490

Secondary Sources

Roderick James McIntosh, Developing West African States

Innocent Pikinayi, The Origins of Great Zimbabwe

John Noble Wilford, The Earliest Americans

Gary Nash, Red, White and Black, the Peoples of Early America

Roxanne D. Ortiz, Indians of the Americas: A Geopolitical Analysis

13. Global Encounters and Cultures in Conflict, 1500-1700

Primary Sources

Azurara, The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea

Afonso I of Kongo, Africa and Europe: The Problems of Alliances

Tomé Pires, The Suma Oriental

Francesco Carletti, Women and Poverty in Japan

Diego Munoz Camargo, The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico

Laws of the Burgos: the Spanish Colonize Central and South America

David Pietersz, Voyages from Holland to America: The Dutch Colonize North America

Jorge Juan and Antonio de Ulloa, A Voyage to South America: Caste and Race in Latin America

Visual Sources

Exploration, Expansion, and Politics

A Buddhist Temple: European Views of Asia

The Conquest of Mexico as Seen by the Aztecs

Secondary Sources

Richard B. Reed, The Expansion of Europe

Alan Taylor, Epidemics and Environmental Change in the Americas

Morris Rossabi, Muslims in Ming China

John K. Fairbank and Ssu-yu Teng, Chinas Response to the West

Jean-Pierre Lehmann, Europeans Arrive in Japan

M. L. Bush, The Effects of Expansion on the Non-European World

14. Europes Early Modern Era, 1500-1789

Primary Sources

Martin Luther, Justification by Faith

Constitution of the Society of Jesus

James I, The Powers of the Monarch in England

The House of Commons, The Powers of Parliament in England

Peter the Great, Decree on the Invitation of Foreigners

Visual Sources

Luther and the New Testament

Sebald Beham, Luther and the Catholic Clergy Debate

Peter Paul Rubens, Loyola and Catholic Reform

Pieter Brueghel, the Elder, The Harvesters

Thomas Hobbes, The Leviathan: Political Order and Political Theory

Jean-Honoré Fragonard, Happy Accidents of the Swing

Secondary Sources

Euan Cameron, What Was the Reformation?

Marilyn J. Boxer and Jean H. Quataert, Women in the Reformation

Peter Laslett, The World We Have Lost: The Early Modern Family

Jerome Blum, Lords and Peasants

John Roberts, The Ancien Régime: Ideals and Realities

15. Asia, 1500-1700

Primary Sources

Yamaga Sok¿, The Way of the Samurai

Ekiken Kaibara, Greater Learning for Women

Habbah Kh¿t¿n: A Womans Voice in India

François Bernier, Travels in the Mogul Empire: Politics and Society in India

Village Life and Government in China

Ghiselin de Busbeceq, The Ottoman Social Order

Visual Sources

Tulsi the Elder, Bandi, and Madhu the Younger, Akbar Inspecting the Construction of Fatehpur-Sikri

Architecture and the Imperial City

Expansion of the Ottoman Empire, 1520-1639

Secondary Sources

V. P. S. Raghuvanshi, Marriage, Caste, and Society in India

Peter Mansfield, The Ottoman Empire and Its Successors

Jonathan Spence, Hard Times and the Fall of Chinas Ming Dynasty