Preface

1: The Nature of Probability and Statistics

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Descriptive and Inferential Statistics

1.3 Variables and Types of Data

1.4 Data Collection and Sampling Techniques

1.5 Observational and Experimental Studies

1.6 Uses and Misuses of Statistics

1.7 Computers and Calculators

1.8 Summary

2: Frequency Distributions and Graphs

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Organizing Data

2.3 Histograms, Frequency Polygons, and Ogives

2.4 Other Types of Graphs

2.5 Paired Data and Scatter Plots Ana

2.6 Summary

3: Data Description

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Measures of Central Tendency

3.3 Measures of Variation

3.4 Measures of Position

3.5 Exploratory Data Analysis

3.6 Summary

4: Probability and Counting Rules

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Sample Spaces and Probability

4.3 The Addition Rules for Probability

4.4 The Multiplication Rules and Conditional Probability

4.5 Counting Rules

4.6 Probability and Counting Rules

4.7 Summary

5: Discrete Probability Distributions

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Probability Distributions

5.3 Mean, Variance, Standard Deviation, and Expectation

5.4 The Binomial Distribution

5.5 Summary

6: The Normal Distribution

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Properties of the Normal Distribution

6.3 The Standard Normal Distribution

6.4 Applications of the Normal Distribution

6.5 The Central Limit Theorem

6.6 The Normal Approximation to the Binomial Distribution

6.7 Summary

7: Confidence Intervals and Sample Size

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Confidence Intervals for the Mean (Sigma Known or n > 30) and Sample Size

7.3 Confidence Intervals for the Mean (Sigma Unknown and n < 30)

7.4 Confidence Intervals and Sample Size for Proportions

7.5 Confidence Intervals for Variances and Standard Deviations

7.6 Summary

8: Hypothesis Testing

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Steps in Hypothesis Testing – Traditional Method

8.3 z Test for a Mean

8.4 t Test for a Mean

8.5 z Test for a Proportion

8.6 Chi-Square Test for a Variance or Standard Deviation

8.7 Additional Topics Regarding Hypothesis Testing

8.8 Summary

9: Testing the Difference Between Two Means, Two Variances, and Two Proportions

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Testing the Difference Between Two Means: Large Samples

9.3 Testing the Difference Between Two Variances

9.4 Testing the Difference Between Two Means: Small Independent Samples

9.5 Testing the Difference Between Two Means: Small Dependent Samples

9.6 Testing the Difference Between Two Proportions

9.7 Summary

10: Correlation and Regression

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Correlation

10.3 Regression

10.4 Coefficient of Determination and Standard Error of the Estimate

10.5 Summary

11: Chi-Square and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Test for Goodness of Fit

11.3 Tests Using Contingency Tables

11.4 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

11.5 Summary

Appendix A: Algebra Review

Appendix B-1: Writing the Research Report

Appendix B-2: Alternate Approach to the Standard Normal Distribution

Appendix C: Tables

Appendix D: Data Bank

Appendix E: Glossary

Appendix F: Bibliography

Appendix G: Photo Credits

Appendix H: Selected Answers