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Criminal Justice Todayby Frank Schmalleger
Synopses & ReviewsPublisher Comments: In a substantially revised eighth edition, Criminal Justice Today continues to set the standard by which all other introductory criminal justice textbooks are measured. The hallmark features that have made Criminal Justice Today the most widely read college criminal justice textbook form the core of this new edition. They include: A thematic approach that contrasts the justice system's twin goals of ensuring public order and safety while guaranteeing individual rights. The book's theme, present since the first edition, is more relevant today and continues to significantly influence the direction of American society. Timely content, including current issues such as efforts to enhance homeland security, concerns about restrictions on individual freedoms in the face of terrorist threats, corporate crime, identity theft, high-technology crime, and special issues such as policing an ever-changing multicultural society. A futures orientation, including a special chapter on the future of criminal justice that points the way to and helps students appreciate the unchanging foundation upon which American criminal justice rests. Accessible technology, including easy-to-use digital tools that make it simple to stay abreast of the latest news, research reports, and government-sponsored studies of relevance to the study of criminal justice. The eighth edition also brings exciting new features to Criminal Justice Today. Among them are: Expanded police coverage, including an entirely new chapter on police organization and management. The criminal justice system's response to terrorism, including broad coverage of homeland security issues, the impact of domestic and international terrorism on criminal justice practices and procedures, individual rights in the face of enhanced security; and terrorism prevention, response, and control. Detailed coverage of corporate crime, including possible criminal activities of companies such as Enron, WorldCom, Adelphia, Vivendi Universal, Kmart, Global Crossing, Tyco International, and London-based auction house Sotheby's. Crime mapping, predictive, and enforcement technologies, including CompStat and CopLink software, wearable augmented reality devices, and biometrics. Expanded coverage of crime scene investigative strategies and techniques, with special graphics provided by the Massachusetts State Police. Synopsis: The best-selling introduction to criminal justice book of all time, Criminal Justice Today 9/e, continues to set the standard with its hallmark features of theme, technology, and time. The strengths of the book rest in the application of theoretical perspectives to current real world activities related to criminal justice issues. New technology and cases are also incorporated, bringing the book and reader together in current issues. CJ Ethics and Professionalism Boxes stress the importance of ethical behavior for the criminal justice professional. New Juvenile Justice chart details the flow of events in the juvenile justice system. An added CD provides additional and in-depth coverage of important issues and background material found in book. Also includes full opinions of important U.S. Supreme Court cases covered in the chapters. Criminal justice professionals. Synopsis:Crime mapping, predictive, and enforcement technologies, including Comp Stat and Cop Link software, wearable augmented reality devices, and biometrics. It contains expanded coverage of crime scene investigative strategies and techniques, with special graphics provided by the Massachusetts State Police.
About the Author Frank Schmalleger, Ph.D., is Professor Emeritus at the University of North Carolina at Pembroke. He holds degrees from the University of Notre Dame and Ohio State University, having earned both a master's (1970) and a doctorate in sociology (1974) from Ohio State University with a special emphasis in criminology. From 1976 to 1994, he taught, criminology and criminal justice courses at the University of North Carolina at Pembroke. For the last 16 of those years, he chaired the university's Department of Sociology, Social Work, and Criminal Justice. The university named him Distinguished Professor in 1991. Schmalleger is also the Director of the Justice Research Association (JRA), a private consulting firm and think tank focusing on issues of crime and justice. The JRA serves the needs of the nation's civil and criminal justice planners and administrators through workshops, conferences, and grant-writing and program-evaluation support. JRA also sponsors the Criminal Justice Distance Learning Consortium (CJDLC), which resides on the Web at http://www.cjdlc.org. Schmalleger has taught in the online graduate program of the New School for Social Research, helping to build the world's first electronic classrooms in support of distance learning through computer telecommunications. As an adjunct professor with Webster University in St. Louis, Missouri, Schmalleger helped develop the university's graduate program in security administration and loss prevention. He taught courses in that curriculum for more than a decade. An avid Web surfer, Schmalleger is also the creator of a number of award-winning Web sites, including one that supports this textbook (http://www.cjtoday.com). Schmalleger is the author of numerous articles and many books, including the widely used Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction (Prentice Hall, 2004); Criminology Today (Prentice Hall, 2004); Criminal Law Today (Prentice Hall, 2002); The Definitive Guide to Criminal Justice and Criminology on the World Wide Web (Prentice Hall, 2002); Corrections in the Twenty-first Century (with John Smykla; McGraw-Hill, 2005); Crime and the Justice System in America: An Encyclopedia (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997); Trial of the Century: People of the State of California vs. Orenthal James Simpson (Prentice Hall, 1996); Career Paths: A Guide to Jobs in Federal Law Enforcement (Regents/Prentice Hall, 1994); Computers in Criminal Justice (Wyndham Hall Press, 1991); Criminal Justice Ethics (Greenwood Press, 1991): Finding Criminal Justice in the Library (Wyndham Hall Press, 1991); Ethics in Criminal Justice (Wyndham Hall Press, 1990); A History of Corrections (Foundations Press of Notre Dame, 1983); and The Social Basis of Criminal Justice (University Press of America, 1981). Schmalleger is also founding editor of the journal The Justice Professional. He has served as editor for the Prentice Hall series Criminal Justice in the Twenty-first Century and as imprint adviser for Greenwood Publishing Group's criminal justice reference series. Schmalleger's philosophy of both teaching and writing can be summed up in these words: "In order to communicate knowledge we must first catch, then hold, a person's interest—be it student, colleague, or policymaker. Our writing, our speaking, and our teaching must be relevant to the problems facing people today, and they must in some way help solve those problems." Visit the author's website at http://www.schmalleger.com. Table of Contents(NOTE: Each chapter begins with an Introduction and concludes with a Summary, Discussion Questions, Web Quest, and Library Extras.) I. CRIME IN AMERICA. 1. What Is Criminal Justice?
Crime in the Last Half Century. The Theme of this Book. Social Justice. CJ NEWS “Big Brother” Cameras on Watch for Criminals. American Criminal Justice: The System. American Criminal Justice: The Process. WHAT WOULD YOU DO? Due Process and Individual Rights. Criminal Justice and Criminology. CJ CAREERS Why Study Criminal Justice? CJ CAREERS U.S. Federal Government 2003 General Schedule (GS) Pay. CJ FUTURES The National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center. Multiculturalism and Diversity in Criminal Justice.
2. The Crime Picture.
The Uniform Crime Reports. FREEDOM OR SAFETY? YOU DECIDE. MULTICULTURALISM AND DIVERSITY IN AMERICA– Race and the Criminal Justice System. CJ TODAY EXHIBIT 2-1– Identity Theft: A New Kind of Larceny. The National Crime Victimization Survey. Comparisons for the UCR and the NCVS. Special Categories of Crime. MULTICULTURALISM AND DIVERSITY IN AMERICA– Gender Issues in Criminal Justice. CJ TODAY EXHIBIT 2-2– Offline versus Online Stalking: A Comparison. WHAT WOULD YOU DO? CJ TODAY EXHIBIT 2-3– Gun Control. CJ NEWS– Law Enforcers Report Spike in Cybercrime.
3. The Search for Causes.
Criminological Theory. The Classical School. Biological Theories. Psychobiological Theories. Psychological Theories. Sociological Theories. CJ FUTURES– The Physical Environment and Crime. Social Process Theories. Conflict Theories. FREEDOM OR SAFETY? YOU DECIDE. Emergent Perspectives. WHAT WOULD YOU DO?
4. Criminal Law.
The Nature and Purpose of Law. The Rule of Law. Types of Law. CJ NEWS– The Last Gun Sult? FREEDOM OR SAFETY? YOU DECIDE. General Categories of Crime. General Features of Crime. Elements of a Specific Criminal Offense. Types of Defenses to a Criminal Charge. CJ CAREERS– U.S. Secret Service. WHAT WOULD YOU DO? MULTICULTURALISM AND DIVERSITY IN AMERICA– Legal Authority and the Criminal Law.
II. POLICING. 5. Policing: History and Structure.
Historical Development of the Police. WHAT WOULD YOU DO? Federal Law Enforcement Agencies. CJ CAREERS– Federal Bureau of Investigation. CJ NEWS– FBI Makeover Speeds Along. CJ FUTURES– NCIC 2000. State-Level Agencies. Local Agencies. Private Protective Services. CJ TODAY EXHIBIT 5-1– American Society for Industrial Security Code of Ethics.
6. Police Organization and Management.
The Police Mission. CJ NEWS– CompStat: From Humble Beginnings. Operational Strategies. Preventive Patrol. Routine Incident Response. Emergency Response. Criminal Investigation. Problem Solivng. Support Services. Managing Police Departments. Policing Styles. FREEDOM OR SAFETY? YOU DECIDE. The Service Style of Policing. Police-Community Relations. Discretion and the Individual Officer. CJ TODAY EXHIBIT 6-1– The Law Enforcement Code of Ethics. WHAT WOULD YOU DO? CJ CAREERS– Policing: Average Base Starting Pay. Ethnic and Gender Diversity in Policing. Police Departments as Learning Organizations.
7. Policing: Legal Aspects.
The Abuse of Police Power. Individual Rights. Search and Seizure. FREEDOM OR SAFETY? YOU DECIDE. CJ FUTURES– The “Computer Errors Exception” to the Exclusionary Rule. CJ TODAY EXHIBIT 7-1– Plain-View Requirements. Arrest. CJ NEWS– High Court Upholds Mom's Arrest in Seatbelt Violation–Cuffs, Jail Allowed in Minor Offenses. CJ CAREERS– U.S. Border Patrol. The Intelligence Function. CJ TODAY EXHIBIT 7-2– The Miranda Warnings. WHAT WOULD YOU DO? CJ TODAY EXHIBIT 7-3– The Miranda Triggers. CJ TODAY EXHIBIT 7-4– The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001. MULTICULTURALISM AND DIVERSITY IN AMERICA– The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001.
8. Policing: Issues and Challenges.
Police Personality and Culture. MULTICULTURALISM AND DIVERSITY IN AMERICA– Policing a Multicultural Society. Corruption and Integrity. The Dangers of Police Work. Police Use of Force. FREEDOM OR SAFETY? YOU DECIDE. CJ CAREERS– Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives. Racial Profiling and Biased Policing. MULTICULTURALISM AND DIVERSITY IN AMERICA– Investigating Crime in a Multicultural Setting. Police Civil Liability. WHAT WOULD YOU DO? CJ NEWS– “De-policing” a Response to Community's Criticism.
III. ADJUDICATION. 9. The Courts: Structure and Participants.
History and Structure of the American Court System. The State Court System. WHAT WOULD YOU DO? The Federal Court System. FREEDOM OR SAFETY? YOU DECIDE. The Courtroom Work Group. Professional Courtroom Participants. CJ NEWS– How Good a Defense Should a Suspect Get? CJ TODAY EXHIBIT 9-1–Gideon v. Wainwright and Indigent Defense. CJ TODAY EXHIBIT 9-2– American Bar Association Code of Professional Responsibility. CJ CAREERS– U.S. Marshals Service. Nonprofessional Courtroom Participants.
10. Pretrial Activities and the Criminal Trial.
Pretrial Activities. CJ TODAY EXHIBIT 10-1– Nonjudicial Pretrial Release Decisions. The Criminal Trial. Stages of a Criminal Trial. CJ TODAY EXHIBIT 10-2– Peremptory Challenges and Race. WHAT WOULD YOU DO? CJ TODAY EXHIBIT 10-3– Pretrial and Posttrial Motions. CJ TODAY EXHIBIT 10-4– “Pleading the Fifth.” CJ FUTURES– Courtrooms of the Future. MULTICULTURALISM AND DIVERSITY IN AMERICA– The Bilingual Courtroom. Improving the Adjudication Process.
11. Sentencing.
The Philosophy and Goals of Criminal Sentencing. Indeterminate Sentencing. Structured Sentencing. CJ TODAY EXHIBIT 11-1– Aggravating and Mitigating Circumstances. CJ TODAY EXHIBIT 11-2– Three Strikes and You're Out: A Brief History of the “Get Tough on Crime” Movement. Truth in Sentencing. Federal Sentencing Guidelines. Innovations in Sentencing. CJ FUTURES– Is Chemical Castration a Valid Sentencing Option? CJ NEWS– Does “Scarlet Letter” Judge Cross the Line? CJ TODAY EXHIBIT 11-3– President Calls for Victims' Rights Amendment. WHAT WOULD YOU DO? Modern Sentencing Options. Death: The Ultimate Sanction. FREEDOM OR SAFETY? YOU DECIDE. CJ NEWS– Death Penalty Gains Unusual Defenders.
IV. CORRECTIONS. 12. Probation, Parole, and Community Corrections.
What Is Probation? What Is Parole? Probation and Parole: The Pluses and Minuses. The Legal Environment. WHAT WOULD YOU DO? The Federal Probation System. CJ CAREERS– U.S. Probation Officer. The Job of Probation and Parole Officers. Intermediate Sanctions. CJ FUTURES– Probation Kiosks: High-Tech Supervision.
13. Prisons and Jails.
Early Punishments. The Emergence of Prisons. CJ TODAY EXHIBIT 13-1– Chaplain James Finley's Letter from the Ohio Penitentiary, 1850. CJ TODAY EXHIBIT 13-2– An Early Texas Prison. Prisons Today. CJ CAREERS– Federal Bureau of Prisons. WHAT WOULD YOU DO? Jails. CJ NEWS– Politically Correct Punishment. CJ TODAY EXHIBIT 13-3– American Jail Association Code of Ethics for Jail Officers. CJ FUTURES– Jails and the Future. Private Prisons. CJ TODAY EXHIBIT 13-4– Arguments for and Against the Privatization of Prisons.
14. Prison Life.
The Male Inmate's World. CJ TODAY EXHIBIT 14-1– Prison Argot: The Language of Confinement. The Female Inmate's World. CJ NEWS–Child Sleepovers at Prison Reviewed. The Staff World. FREEDOM OR SAFETY? YOU DECIDE. CJ TODAY EXHIBIT 14-2– American Correctional Association Code of Ethics. Prison Riots. Prisoners' Rights. CJ NEWS– A Battle Over Inmates on the Web: Civil Liberties versus Prison Security. CJ TODAY EXHIBIT 14-3– Federal Oversight of the Texas Prison System: A Timeline. WHAT WOULD YOU DO? CJ CAREERS– Bureau of Customs and Border Protection. Issues Facing Prisons Today. CJ FUTURES– Technocorrections.
V. SPECIAL ISSUES. 15. Juvenile Justice.
Juvenile Justice throughout History. The Problems of Children Today. CJ TODAY EXHIBIT 15-1– What is a Gang? CJ NEWS– Colorado Parents Probed in Death of Newborn. CJ TODAY EXHIBIT 15-2– Parents on Trial. The Legal Environment. WHAT WOULD YOU DO? The Juvenile Justice Process Today. CJ TODAY EXHIBIT 15-3– The Juvenile Justice System versus Criminal Case Processing. CJ TODAY EXHIBIT 15-4– Juvenile Courts versus Adult Courts. The Post-Juvenile Court Era.
16. Drugs and Crime.
A History of Drug Abuse in America. CJ CAREERS– Drug Enforcement Administration. FREEDOM OR SAFETY? YOU DECIDE. CJ TODAY EXHIBIT 16-1– Drugs: What's in a Name? The Most Common Drugs–and Who is Using Them. CJ NEWS– Club Drugs Sending More Young People to Hospitals. Drugs and Crime. Solving the Drug Problem. WHAT WOULD YOU DO?
17. Terrorism and Multinational Criminal Justice.
The Chinese Justice System. CJ TODAY EXHIBIT 17-1– Individual Rights Guaranteed Under the Constitution of the People's Republic of China. CJ NEWS– China Strikes Hard, Hopes Crime Takes a Hit. Islamic Criminal Justice. International Criminal Justice Organizations. WHAT WOULD YOU DO? CJ TODAY EXHIBIT 17-3– What is Terrorist Activity? FREEDOM OR SAFETY? YOU DECIDE. CJ NEWS– Student Cyber Corps Tackles Terrorism. CJ TODAY EXHIBIT 17-4– Recommendations of the National Commission on Terrorism. CJ TODAY EXHIBIT 17-5– The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001.
18. The Future of Criminal Justice.
CJ NEWS– Virginia Law Makes Spam, with Fraud, a Felony. Technology and Crime Control. Criminalistics: Past, Present, and Future. WHAT WOULD YOU DO? FREEDOM OR SAFETY? YOU DECIDE. Technology and Individual Rights.
Bill of Rights.
List of Acronyms.
Glossary.
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