I. THE CRIME PICTURE.
1. What Is Criminology?
Introduction
What Is Crime?
CRIME IN THE NEWS: Fans and Family Defend Michael Jackson
Crime and Deviance
CRIME IN THE NEWS: In Taiwan, Not Much Ado over Gays Saying “I Do”
What Should be Criminal?
What Do Criminologists Do?
What is Criminology?
THEORY VERSUS REALITY: Varying Perspectives on Crime and Criminology
Theoretical Criminology
Criminology and Social Policy
Social Policy and Public Crime Concerns
The Theme of this Book
The Social Context of Crime
THEORY VERSUS REALITY: A Public Health Model of Crime Control
Making Sense of Crime: The Causes and Consequences of the Criminal Event
THEORY VERSUS REALITY: The Murder of John Lennon
The Primacy of Sociology?
Summary
Discussion Questions
Web Quest
Library Extras
Notes
2. Patterns of Crime.
Introduction
A History of Crime Statistics
Adolphe Quételet and André Michel Guerry
Crime Statistics Today
Programmatic Problems with Available Data
The UCR Program
NIBRS: The New UCR
CRIME IN THE NEWS: Crime Rate Hits 30-Year Low
Hate Crimes
Data Gathering under the NCVS
Patterns of Change
The Crime Problem
Crime in World Context
Major Crimes in the United States
Criminal Homicide
Forcible Rape
EXPLORING CRIME’S CAUSES: Case Study: Charles Manson
Robbery
Aggravated Assault
Burglary
Larceny
Motor Vehicle Theft
Arson
Part II Offenses
Other Sources of Data
Unreported Crime
The Social Dimensions of Crime
What Are “Social Dimensions”?
Age and Crime
CRIME IN THE NEWS: Elderly Man Sentenced to More than 12 Years for Bank Robbery
Gender and Crime
THEORY VERSUS REALITY: Adolescent Motherhood and Crime
Race and Crime
Social Class and Crime
Summary
Discussion Questions
Web Quest
Library Extras
Notes
3. Research Methods and Theory Development.
Introduction
The Science of Criminology
Theory Building
The Role of Research
Problem Identification
Research Designs
Techniques of Data Collection
Data Analysis
Quantitative Versus Qualitative Methods
Values and Ethics in the Conduct of Research
Writing the Research Report
EXPLORING CRIME’S CAUSES: Case Study: Jeffrey Dahmer
Writing for Publication
Summary
Discussion Questions
Web Quest
Library Extras
Notes
II. CRIME CAUSATION.
4. Classical and Neoclassical Thought.
Introduction
Major Principles of the Classical School
Forerunners of Classical Thought
CRIME IN THE NEWS: “Sex Tourists” Warned: Law Is Watching
The Demonic Era
Early Sources of the Criminal Law
The Enlightenment
The Classical School
Cesare Beccaria (1738—1794)
Jeremy Bentham (1748—1832)
Heritage of the Classical School
Neoclassical Criminology
Rational Choice Theory
The Seductions of Crime
Situational Crime Control Policy
CRIME IN THE NEWS: California Officials Struggling to Find a Motive in Fresno Case
Critique of Rational Choice Theory
Punishment and Neoclassical Thought
THEORY IN PERSPECTIVE: The Classical School and Neoclassical Thinkers
Just Deserts
Deterrence
The Death Penalty
CRIME IN THE NEWS: Death Penalty Gains Unusual Defenders
Policy Implications of the Classical School
A Critique of Classical Theories
EXPLORING CRIME’S CAUSES: Case Study:Pamela Smart
THEORY VERSUS REALITY: Assessing Dangerousness
Summary
Discussion Questions
Web Quest
Library Extras
Notes
5. Biological Roots of Criminal Behavior.
Introduction
Major Principles of Biological Theories
Biological Roots of Human Aggression
Early Biological Theories
THEORY IN PERSPECTIVE: Types of Biological Theories
THEORY VERSUS REALITY: Positivism: The Historical Statement
Body Types
Chemical and Environmental Precursors of Crime
CRIME IN THE NEWS: Lead Linked to Delinquent Behavior
Hormones and Criminality
Weather and Crime
Genetics and Crime
Criminal Families
CRIME IN THE NEWS: Man Accused of Sexually Assaulting Child Undergoes Castration
The XYY “Supermale”
Chromosomes and Modern-Day Criminal Families
Behavioral Genetics
CRIME IN THE NEWS: Scientific Study Concludes: Rape Is a Natural Product of Evolution
The Human Genome Project
Male-Female Differences in Criminality
Sociobiology
Crime and Human Nature: A Contemporary Synthesis
Policy Implications of Biological Theories
EXPLORING CRIME’S CAUSES: Case Study: Josef Mengele
Critiques of Biological Theories
Summary
Discussion Questions
Web Quest
Library Extras
Notes
6. Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behavior.
Introduction
THEORY VERSUS REALITY: What Is Forensic Psychology?
Major Principles of Psychological Theories
Early Psychological Theories
The Psychopath
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Personality Types and Crime
Therory in Perspective Types of Psychological and Psychiatric Theories Early Psychiatric Theories
Criminal Behavior as Maladaptation
The Psychoanalytic Perspective
The Psychotic Offender
The Link between Frustration and Aggression
Crime as Adaptive Behavior
EXPLORING CRIME’S CAUSES: Case Study: David Berkowitz
Modeling Theory
CRIME IN THE NEWS: Battle over Violent Video Games Heating Up
Behavior Theory
Attachment Theory
Self-Control Theory
Insanity and the Law
The M’Naughten Rule
The Irresistible-Impulse Test
The Durham Rule
The Substantial-Capacity Test
The Brawner Rule
Guilty but Mentally Ill
Federal Provisions for the Hospitalization of Individuals Found “NGRI”
Social Policy and Forensic Psychology
Social Policy and the Psychology of Criminal Conduct
Criminal Psychological Profiling
Summary
Discussion Questions
Web Quest
Library Extras
Notes
III. CRIME CAUSATION REVISITED.
7. Sociological Theories I: Social Structure.
Introduction
Major Principles of Sociological Theories
Social Structure Theories Defined
Types of Social Structure Theories
Social Disorganization Theory
THEORY IN PERSPECTIVE: Types of Social Structure Theories
EXPLORING CRIME’S CAUSES: Case Study: Al Capone
Strain Theory
THEORY VERSUS REALITY: The Criminology of Place, Routine Activities, and Crime Mapping
CRIME IN THE NEWS: Young, Jobless, Hopeless
Culture Conflict Theory
Policy Implications of Social Structure Theories
Critique of Social Structure Theories
Summary
Discussion Questions
Web Quest
Library Extras
Notes
8. Sociological Theories II: Social Process and Social Development.
Introduction
The Social Process Perspective
THEORY IN PERSPECTIVE: Types of Social Process Theories
Types of Social Process Approaches
Learning Theory
Social Control Theory
CRIME IN THE NEWS: Crime in an American Family
Labeling Theory
Reintegrative Shaming
Dramaturgy
Policy Implications of Social Process Theories
Critique of Social Process Theories
The Social Development Perspective
Concepts in Social Development Theories
The Life Course Perspective
THEORY IN PERSPECTIVE: Social Development Theories
Laub and Sampson’s Age-Graded Theory
Moffitt’s Dual Taxonomic Theory
Farrington’s Delinquent Development Theory
Evolutionary Ecology
THEORY VERSUS REALITY: Social Influences on Developmental Pathways
Thornberry’s Interactional Theory
Developmental Pathways
The Chicago Human Development Project
EXPLORING CRIME’S CAUSES: Case Study: Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold
Policy Implications of Social Development Theories
Critique of Social Development Theories
Summary
Discussion Questions
Web Quest
Library Extras
Notes
9. Sociological Theories III: Social Conflict.
Introduction
THEORY VERSUS REALITY: The Unabomber and Domestic Terrorism
Law and Social Order Perspectives
The Consensus Perspective
EXPLORING CRIME’S CAUSES: Case Study: Theodore Kaczynski
The Pluralist Perspective
The Conflict Perspective
CRIME IN THE NEWS:Effort to Ban Head Scarves in France Sets Off Culture Clash
THEORY IN PERSPECTIVE:Social Conflict Theories
Radical Criminology
Critical Criminology
Radical-Critical Criminology and Policy Issues
Critique of Radical-Critical Criminology
Emerging Conflict Theories
Left-Realist Criminology
Feminist Criminology
Postmodern Criminology
Peacemaking Criminology
Policy Implications of Social Conflict Theories
Summary
Discussion Questions
Web Quest
Library Extras
Notes
IV. CRIME IN THE MODERN WORLD.
10. Crimes Against Persons.
Introduction
Violent Crime Typologies
Homicide
The Subculture of Violence Thesis and Structural Explanations
The Victim-Offender Relationship
Instrumental and Expressive Homicide
Victim Precipitation
Weapon Use
Alcohol and Drug Use
EXPLORING CRIME’S CAUSES: Case Study: Ted Bundy
Gangs
Serial Murder
Mass Murder
Rape
Rape Myths
The Common Law Definition of Rape
Rape Law Reform
The Social Context of Rape
CRIME IN THE NEWS: The Ice Man who Confessed
Theoretical Perspectives on Rape
Typologies of Rapists
Robbery
The Lethal Potential of Robbery
Criminal Careers of Robbers
Robbery and Public Transportation
The Motivation of Robbers
Drug Robberies
The Gendered Nature of Robbery
Assault
Stranger Assault
Assault within Families
Workplace Violence
Stalking
The Extent of Stalking
Victim-Offender Relationships in Stalking
Stalking in Intimate-Partner Relationships
Consequences of Stalking
Cyberstalking
Terrorism
International Terrorism
Domestic Terrorism
Cyberterrorism
Terrorism Commissions and Reports
Countering the Terrorist Threat
CRIME IN THE NEWS: Al-Qaeda May Be Showing a New Face
THEORY VERSUS REALITY: Individual Rights versus Public Safety
EXPLORING CRIME’S CAUSES: Case Study:Mohammed Atta
Summary
Discussion Questions
Web Quest
Library Extras
Notes
11. Crimes Against Property.
Introduction
Persistent and Professional Thieves
Criminal Careers of Property Offenders
Property Offenders and Rational Choice
EXPLORING CRIME’S CAUSES: Case Study:Jesse James
Larceny-Theft
Prevalence and Profile of Larceny-Theft
Theft on College Campuses
Motor Vehicle Theft
Shoplifting and Employee Theft
CRIME IN THE NEWS: Judge Commends Actress Winona Ryder after Shoplifting Conviction
Burglary
The Social Ecology of Burglary
Types of Burglars
THEORY VERSUS REALITY: Ethnographic Research on Active Burglars
Burglary Locales
The Motivation of Burglars
Target Selection
Costs of Burglary
The Burglary-Drug Connection
The Sexualized Context of Burglary
Stolen Property
The Role of Criminal Receivers
CRIME IN THE NEWS: Urban Eco-terrorism
Arson
Fire Setters
Summary
Discussion Questions
Web Quest
Library Extras
Notes
12. White-Collar and Organized Crime.
Introduction
CRIME IN THE NEWS: Martha Stewart Found Guilty on All Counts
White-Collar Crime
Definitional Evolution of White-Collar Crime
EXPLORING CRIME’S CAUSES: Case Study:Charles Keating
THEORY VERSUS REALITY: White-Collar Crime: The Initial Statement
Corporate Crime
Causes of White-Collar Crime
Curtailing White-Collar and Corporate Crime
CRIME IN THE NEWS: Ex-Dynegy Executive Gets 24 Years in Prison
Organized Crime
History of Organized Crime in the United States
A Rose by Any Other Name–La Cosa Nostra
Prohibition and Official Corruption
The Centralization of Organized Crime
La Cosa Nostra Today
Activities of Organized Crime
EXPLORING CRIME’S CAUSES: Case Study: John Gotti
Code of Conduct
Other Organized Criminal Groups
Transnational Organized Crime
Organized Crime and the Law
Policy Issues: The Control of Organized Crime
Summary
Discussion Questions
Web Quest
Library Extras
Notes
13. Drug Abuse and Crime.
Introduction
History of Drug Abuse in the United States
Extent of Abuse
Young People and Drugs
THEORY VERSUS REALITY: The Harvard Alcohol Study
Costs of Abuse
Types of Illegal Drugs
Stimulants
Depressants
Cannabis
Narcotics
Hallucinogens
Anabolic Steroids
Inhalants
Pharmaceutical Diversion and Designer Drugs
Drug Trafficking
Drugs and Crime
EXPLORING CRIME’S CAUSES: Case Study: Pablo Escobar
Illegal Drugs and Official Corruption
Social Policy and Drug Abuse
Recent Legislation
THEORY VERSUS REALITY: Drug Courts and Public Policy
Drug-Control Strategies
The National Drug-Control Policy
CRIME IN THE NEWS: Painkiller Thieves Posing as Homebuyers
Alternative Drug Policies
Summary
Discussion Questions
Web Quest
Library Extras
Notes
14. Technology and Crime.
Introduction
The Advance of Technology
High Technology and Criminal Opportunity
CRIME IN THE NEWS: Worm Squirms into Thousands of PCs
Technology and Criminal Mischief
Computer Crime and the Law
CRIME IN THE NEWS: Woman Sentenced in Multimillion-Dollar Software Sting
A Profile of Computer Criminals
The History and Nature of Hacking
THEORY VERSUS REALITY: Wisconsin Defines Computer Crime
THEORY VERSUS REALITY: Colorado Defines Computer Crime
Computer Crime as a Form of White-Collar Crime
THEORY VERSUS REALITY: Technological Attraction
EXPLORING CRIME’S CAUSES: Case Study: Kevin Mitnick
Securing the Internet
Technology in the Fight Against Crime
DNA Technology
Computers as Crime-Fighting Tools
Combating Computer Crime
Police Investigation of Computer Crime
Dealing with Computer Criminals
Policy Issues: Personal Freedoms in the Information Age
What the Future Holds
THEORY VERSUS REALITY: Press Release Announcing the Formation of the Electronic Frontier Foundation
Summary
Discussion Questions
Web Quest
Library Extras
Notes
V. RESPONDING TO CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR.
15. Criminology and Social Policy.
Introduction
Federal Anticrime Initiatives
The Hoover Administration
Federal Policy following World War II
The Reagan and Bush Years
Clinton Administration Initiatives
THEORY VERSUS REALITY: Gun Control
The Administration of George W. Bush
Crime Control Philosophies Today
Types of Crime Control Strategies
THEORY VERSUS REALITY: Youth Violence and Social Policy 9
International Policies
CRIME IN THE NEWS: China Thrown Off Balance as Boys Outnumber Girls
Criminology and Social Policy
The Victims’ Movement
A History of the Victim
Current Directions in Victims’ Rights
THEORY VERSUS REALITY: A Proposed Victims’ Rights Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
<BX2<CRIME IN THE NEWS: States Aid Victims in Tracking Criminals
Victim-Impact Statements
Victim Restitution
Can We Solve the Problem of Crime?
Symbolism and Public Policy
Summary
Discussion Questions
Web Quest
Library Extras
Notes
16. Future Directions.
Introduction
Globalization
Comparative Criminology
Techniques of Futures Research
THEORY VERSUS REALITY: United Nations Offense Definitions
THEORY VERSUS REALITY: Crime and Justice Challenges of the Near Future
Future Crimes
Terrorism and Technology
CRIME IN THE NEWS: Gods and Monsters
The New Criminologies
Theory Integration
Policies of the Future
Summary
Discussion Questions
Web Quest
Library Extras
Notes
Glossary.
Subject Index.
Name Index.
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