Preface

CD

PART ONE Art is… 1

1 The Nature of Art 2

What Is Art? 2

The Need To Be Creative 3

Purposes and Functions of Art 5

Biography: Jazz, Memory, and Metaphor:

Romare Bearden 11

2 Awareness, Creativity, and

Communication 15

Visual Thinking 15

Perception and Awareness 15

Looking and Seeing 16

Aesthetics, Art, and Beauty 18

Art in the World: Early Encounters with

the Artist Within 21

Art and Experience 22

Creativity 22

Untrained and Folk Artists 23

Trained Artists 26

Visual Communication 26

Art and Appearances 27

Form and Content 31

Seeing and Responding to Form 32

Biography: A Personal Vision:

Georgia O’Keeffe 34

Iconography 35

Artists at Work: Carlos Frésquez 38

PART TWO The Language of

Visual Experience 39

3 VISUAL ELEMENTS 40

Line 41

Shape 44

Mass 46

Space 48

Time and Motion 55

Artists at Work: Jones and Ginzel 56

Light 59

Color 61

Texture 68

4 Principles of Design 72

Unity and Variety 72

Balance 75

Emphasis and Subordination 80

Directional Forces 80

Contrast 82

Repetition and Rhythm 82

Scale and Proportion 84

Design Summary 88

Biography: Expression Is Foremost:

Henri Matisse 90

5 EVALUATING ART 91

Evaluation 91

Art Criticism 93

Biography: Art into Words: Peter Plagens 97

Art in the World: Visiting It 98

PART THREE The Media of Art 99

6 DRAWING 100

Biography: A Life’s Work in Ten Years: Vincent van Gogh 104

Purposes of Drawing 105

Dry Media 108

Liquid Media 111

Contemporary Approaches 113

7 PAINTING 115

Watercolor 116

Tempera 119

Oil 119

Acrylic 123

Encaustic 123

Fresco 124

Art in the World: Art as Activism: The Great Wall of Los Angeles 126

8 PRINTMAKING 127

Intaglio 130

Lithography 134

Current Directions 139

Art in the World: Handmade Originals in an Age of Mechanical Reproduction 140

9 CAMERA ARTS AND

COMPUTER IMAGING 141

Photography 141

Biography: "A Photographer at My Very Core:"

Margaret Bourke-White 147

Film: The Moving Image 150

Television and Video 158

Digital Art Forms 159

Artists at Work: James Johnson 163

Art in the World: The Digital Revolution in

the Art World 164

10 GRAPHIC DESIGN AND ILLUSTRATION 165

Design Disciplines 165

Graphic Design 166

Biography: Design Between the Eyes: Chaz Maviyane-Davies 170

Illustration 172

11 SCULPTURE 175

Freestanding and Relief Sculpture 175

Methods and Materials 176

Artists at Work: Scott Chamberlin 178

Kinetic Sculpture 186

Installations 189

12 CLAY, GLASS, METAL, WOOD, FIBER 191

Clay 192

Biography: Shaping Her People’s Heritage: Nampeyo 194

Glass 196

Metal 197

Wood 198

Fiber 199

Biography: Stitched into History:

Faith Ringgold 205

13 ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN 206

Architecture 206

Biography: Deconstructing a Building:

Zaha Hadid 220

Biography: Radical Innovator:

Frank Lloyd Wright 223

Green Building 224

Industrial Design 226

PART FOUR Art as Cultural Heritage 229

14 From the Earliest Art to the Bronze Age 230

The Paleolithic Period 230

The Neolithic Period 233

The Beginnings of Civilization 236

Mesopotamia 236

Egypt 238

15 The Classical and Medieval West 242

Greece 242

Rome 248

Early Christian and Byzantine Art 250

The Middle Ages in Europe 257

16 RENAISSANCE AND BAROQUE EUROPE 263

The Renaissance 263

Biography: The Artist as Scientist: Leonardo da Vinci 270

Biography: Temperamental Genius:

Michelangelo Buonarroti 271

Baroque 279

Biography: Insight and Compassion:

Rembrandt van Rijn 283

Art in the World: Where Were the Women? 287

Art in the World: The Uphill Battle of

Art Restoration 288

17 TRADITIONAL ARTS OF ASIA 289

India 289

Southeast Asia 296

China 299

Japan 309

18 THE ISLAMIC WORLD 317

Arab Lands 318

Spain 319

Persia 320

India: The Mughal Empire 321

Art in the World: Looting It 324

20 AFRICA, OCEANIA, AND THE AMERICAS 325

Africa 325

Oceania and Australia 331

Native North America 336

Biography: Warrior, Captive, and Artist:

Howling Wolf 341

Pre-Columbian Central and South America 342

Art in the World: On Returning Cultural Property: Whose Culture? Whose Property? 346

PART FIVE The Modern World 347

20 LATE EIGHTEENTH AND NINETEENTH

CENTURIES 348

Neoclassicism 348

Romanticism 350

Photography 354

Realism 356

Biography: Flouting Social Conventions:

Rosa Bonheur 359

Impressionism 363

Biography: Devoted to Light:

Claude Monet 365

The Post-Impressionist Period 369

Biography: Nature as Source: Paul Cézanne 372

Biography: Struggling Idealist:

Paul Gauguin 377

21 EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY 380

The Fauves and Expressionism 381

Cubism 385

Biography: Restless Creativity: Pablo Picasso 390

Toward Abstraction Sculpture 391

The Modern Spirit in America 392

Futurism and the Celebration of Motion 394

22 BETWEEN WORLD WARS 397

Dada 397

Global Influences 400

Surrealism 400

Biography: Compelling Autobiographer: Frida Kahlo 404

The Influence of Cubism 405

Building a New Society 407

Political Protest 410

Biography: Painting for the People:

Diego Rivera 413

American Painting 415

African-American Modernists 417

23 POSTWAR MODERN MOVEMENTS IN THE WEST 419

Abstract Expressionism and

Related Art 419

Photography and Architecture at

Early Pop Art 427

Biography: Art and Ordinary Life: Robert Rauschenberg 428

Events and Happenings 430

Pop Art 432

Minimal and Hard-Edge 435

Conceptual Art 437

Site Works and Earthworks 438

Installations and Environments 440

Early Feminism 442

Performance Art 444

Artists at Work: Meirle Ukeles 445

Art in the World:

Who Wants to Censor? 446

24 MODERN ART BEYOND THE WEST 447

Japan 447

China 448

India 450

Islamic Lands 452

Africa 452

PART SIX: The Postmodern World 455

25 POSTMODERNITY AND GLOBAL ART 456

Postmodern Architecture 457

Painting 458

Photography 461

Sculpture 463

Public Art 466

Artists at Work: R. M. Fischer 467

Issue-Oriented Art 468

The Global Present 470

Timeline 477

Glossary x

Pronunciation Guide x

Notes x

Suggested Readings x

Suggested Websites x

Index x