CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

1-1 Reinforced Concrete Structures 1

1-2 Mechanics of Reinforced Concrete 1

1-3 Reinforced Concrete Members 3

1-4 Factors Affecting Choice of Reinforced Concrete for a

Structure 4

1-5 Historical Development of Concrete and Reinforced

Concrete as Structural Materials 8

1-6 Building Codes and the ACI Code 10

References 11

CHAPTER 2 THE DESIGN PROCESS 12

2-1 Objectives of Design 12

2-2 The Design Process 12

2-3 Limit States and the Design of Reinforced Concrete 13

2-4 Structural Safety 17

2-5 Probabilistic Calculation of Safety Factors 19

2-6 Design Procedures Specified in the ACI

Building Code 20

2-7 Load Factors and Load Combinations in the 2008 ACI

Code 22

2-8 Loadings and Actions 27

Contents

2-9 Design for Economy 37

2-10 Handbooks and Design Aids 38

2-11 Customary Dimensions and Construction

Tolerances 39

2-12 Accuracy of Calculations 39

2-13 “Shall be Permitted” 39

2-14 Inspection 39

References 40

CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS 41

3-1 Concrete 41

3-2 Behavior of Concrete Failing in Compression 41

3-3 Compressive Strength of Concrete 44

3-4 Strength Under Tensile and Multiaxial Loads 56

3-5 Stress—Strain Curves for Concrete 64

3-6 Time-Dependent Volume Changes 70

3-7 High-Strength Concrete 83

3-8 Lightweight Concrete 85

3-9 Fiber Reinforced Concrete 86

3-10 Durability of Concrete 88

3-11 Behavior of Concrete Exposed to High and Low

Temperatures 89

3-12 Shotcrete 90

3-13 High-Alumina Cement 90

3-14 Reinforcement 90

3-15 Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Reinforcement 96

3-16 Prestressing Steel 97

References 99

CHAPTER 4 FLEXURE: BEHAVIOR AND NOMINAL STRENGTH OF

BEAM SECTIONS 103

4-1 Introduction 103

4-2 Flexure Theory 106

4-3 Simplifications in Flexure Theory for Design 117

4-4 Analysys of Nominal Moment Strength for Singly

Reinforced Beam Sections 122

4-5 Definition of Balanced Conditions 128

4-6 Code Definitions of Tension-Controlled and

Compression-Controlled Sections 130

4-7 Beams with Compression Reinforcement 139

4-8 Analysis of Flanged Sections 147

4-9 Unsymmetrical Beam Sections 160

References 166

CHAPTER 5 FLEXURAL DESIGN OF BEAM SECTIONS 167

5-1 Introduction 167

5-2 Analysis of Continuous One-Way Floor Systems 167

5-3 Design of Singly-Reinforced Beam Sections with

Rectangular Compression Zones 187

5-4 Design of Doubly-Reinforced Beam Sections 211

5-5 Design of Continuous One-Way Slabs 218

References 231

CHAPTER 6 SHEAR IN BEAMS 233

6-1 Introduction 233

6-2 Basic Theory 235

6-3 Behavior of Beams Failing in Shear 240

6-4 Truss Model of the Behavior of Slender Beams Failing

in Shear 251

6-5 Analysis and Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams

for Shear–ACI Code 257

6-6 Other Shear Design Methods 283

6-7 Hanger Reinforcement 287

6-8 Tapered Beams 289

6-9 Shear in Axially Loaded Members 290

6-10 Shear in Seismic Regions 294

References 297

CHAPTER 7 TORSION 300

7-1 Introduction and Basic Theory 300

7-2 Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Members Subjected

to Torsion 311

7-3 Design Methods for Torsion 313

7-4 Thin-Walled Tube/Plastic Space Truss Design

Method 313

7-5 Design for Torsion and Shear–ACI Code 327

7-6 Application of ACI Code Design Method for

Torsion 333

References 352

CHAPTER 8 DEVELOPMENT, ANCHORAGE, AND SPLICING OF REINFORCEMENT

354

8-1 Introduction 354

8-2 Mechanism of Bond Transfer 359

8-3 Development Length 360

8-4 Hooked Anchorages 368

8-5 Headed and Mechanically Anchored Bars

in Tension 373

8-6 Design for Anchorage 375

8-7 Bar Cutoffs and Development of Bars in Flexural

Members 380

8-8 Reinforcement Continuity and Structural Integrity

Requirements 390

8-9 Splices 406

References 410

CHAPTER 9 SERVICEABILITY 412

9-1 Introduction 412

9-2 Elastic Analysis of Stresses in Beam Sections 413

9-3 Cracking 418

9-4 Deflections of Concrete Beams 428

9-5 Consideration of Deflections in Design 436

9-6 Frame Deflections 446

9-7 Vibrations 446

9-8 Fatigue 448

References 450

CHAPTER 10 CONTINUOUS BEAMS AND ONE-WAY SLABS 452

10-1 Introduction 452

10-2 Continuity in Reinforced Concrete Structures 452

10-3 Continuous Beams 456

10-4 Design of Girders 475

10-5 Joist Floors 476

10-6 Moment Redistribution 478

References 479

CHAPTER 11 COLUMNS: COMBINED AXIAL LOAD AND BENDING 481

11-1 Introduction 481

11-2 Tied and Spiral Columns 483

11-3 Interaction Diagrams 488

11-4 Interaction Diagrams for Reinforced Concrete

Columns 490

11-5 Design of Short Columns 509

11-6 Contributions of Steel and Concrete to Column

Strength 525

11-7 Biaxially Loaded Columns 527

References 539

CHAPTER 12 SLENDER COLUMNS 540

12-1 Introduction 540

12-2 Behavior and Analysis of Pin-Ended Columns 545

12-3 Behavior of Restrained Columns in Nonsway

Frames 563

12-4 Design of Columns in Nonsway Frames 568

12-5 Behavior of Restrained Columns in Sway

Frames 578

12-6 Calculation of Moments in Sway Frames Using

Second-Order Analyses 580

12-7 Design of Columns in Sway Frames 585

12-8 General Analysis of Slenderness Effects 602

12-9 Torsional Critical Load 602

References 605

CHAPTER 13 TWO-WAY SLABS: BEHAVIOR, ANALYSIS, AND DESIGN 606

13-1 Introduction 606

13-2 History of Two-Way Slabs 608

13-3 Behavior of Slabs Loaded to Failure in Flexure 608

13-4 Analysis of Moments in Two-Way Slabs 611

13-5 Distribution of Moments in Slabs 615

13-6 Design of Slabs 621

13-7 The Direct-Design Method 626

13-8 Equivalent-Frame Methods 641

13-9 Use of Computers for an Equivalent-Frame

Analysis 662

13-10 Shear Strength of Two-Way Slabs 668

13-11 Combined Shear and Moment Transfer in Two-Way

Slabs 687

13-12 Details and Reinforcement Requirements 703

13-13 Design of Slabs Without Beams 709

13-14 Design of Slabs with Beams in Two Directions 731

13-15 Construction Loads on Slabs 742

13-16 Deflections in Two-Way Slab Systems 742

13-17 Use of Post-Tensioning 746

References 750

CHAPTER 14 TWO-WAY SLABS: ELASTIC AND YIELD-LINE ANALYSES 753

14-1 Review of Elastic Analysis of Slabs 753

14-2 Design Moments from a Finite-Element

Analysis 755

14-3 Yield-Line Analysis of Slabs: Introduction 757

14-4 Yield-Line Analysis: Applications for Two-Way Slab

Panels 764

14-5 Yield-Line Patterns at Discontinuous Corners 773

14-6 Yield-Line Patterns at Columns or at Concentrated

Loads 775

References 778

CHAPTER 15 FOOTINGS 780

15-1 Introduction 780

15-2 Soil Pressure Under Footings 780

15-3 Structural Action of Strip and Spread Footings 789

15-4 Strip or Wall Footings 795

15-5 Spread Footings 799

15-6 Combined Footings 806

15-7 Mat Foundations 815

15-8 Pile Caps 816

References 818

CHAPTER 16 SHEAR FRICTION, HORIZONTAL SHEAR TRANSFER,

AND COMPOSITE CONCRETE BEAMS 820

16-1 Introduction 820

16-2 Shear Friction 820

16-3 Composite Concrete Beams 831

References 839

CHAPTER 17 DISCONTINUITY REGIONS AND STRUT-AND-TIE MODELS 841

17-1 Introduction 841

17-2 Design Equation and Method of Solution 844

17-3 Struts 844

17-4 Ties 850

17-5 Nodes and Nodal Zones 851

17-6 Common Strut-and-Tie Models 863

17-7 Layout of Strut-and-Tie Models 866

17-8 Deep Beams 870

17-9 Continuous Deep Beams 883

17-10 Brackets and Corbels 894

17-11 Dapped Ends 905

17-12 Beam—Column Joints 910

17-13 Bearing Strength 922

17-14 T-Beam Flanges 924

References 927

CHAPTER 18 WALLS AND SHEAR WALLS 930

18-1 Introduction 930

18-2 Bearing Walls 933

18-3 Retaining Walls 936

18-4 Tilt-Up Walls 937

18-5 Shear Walls 937

18-6 Lateral Load-Resisting Systems for Buildings 938

18-7 Shear-Wall—Frame Interaction 939

18-8 Coupled Shear Walls 941

18-9 Design of Structural Walls–General 945

18-10 Flexural Strength of Shear Walls 955

18-11 Shear Strength of Shear Walls 962

18-12 Critical Loads for Axially Loaded Walls 972

References 980

CHAPTER 19 DESIGN FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE 982

19-1 Introduction 982

19-2 Seismic Response Spectra 983

19-3 Seismic Design Requirements 988

19-4 Seismic Forces on Structures 992

19-5 Ductility of Reinforced Concrete Members 995

19-6 General ACI Code Provisions for Seismic Design 997

19-7 Flexural Members in Special Moment Frames 1000

19-8 Columns in Special Moment Frames 1012

19-9 Joints of Special Moment Frames 1020

19-10 Structural Diaphragms 1022

19-11 Structural Walls 1024

19-12 Frame Members not Proportioned to Resist Forces

Induced by Earthquake Motions 1030

19-13 Special Precast Structures 1030

19-14 Foundations 1031

References 1031

APPENDIX A 1033

APPENDIX B 1083

INDEX 0000