Foundations of Biogeography provides facsimile reprints of seventy-two works that have proven fundamental to the development of the field. From classics by Georges-Louis LeClerc Compte de Buffon, Alexander von Humboldt, and Charles Darwin to equally seminal contributions by Ernst Mayr, Robert MacArthur, and E. O. Wilson, these papers and book excerpts not only reveal biogeography's historical roots but also trace its theoretical and empirical development. Selected and introduced by leading biogeographers, the articles cover a wide variety of taxonomic groups, habitat types, and geographic regions. Foundations of Biogeography will be an ideal introduction to the field for beginning students and an essential reference for established scholars of biogeography, ecology, and evolution.

List of Contributors

John C. Briggs, James H. Brown, Vicki A. Funk, Paul S. Giller, Nicholas J. Gotelli, Lawrence R. Heaney, Robert Hengeveld, Christopher J. Humphries, Mark V. Lomolino, Alan A. Myers, Brett R. Riddle, Dov F. Sax, Geerat J. Vermeij, Robert J. Whittaker

Mark V. Lomolino is an associate professor at the State University of New York's College of Environmental Science and Forestry in Syracuse, and current president of the International Biogeography Society. He is coauthor, with James H. Brown, of Biogeography.

Dov F. Sax is a research biologist and lecturer at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and secretary of the International Biogeography Society.

James H. Brown is a Distinguished Professor of Biology at the University of New Mexico, and past president of the International Biogeography Society. He is author of Macroecology, also published by the University of Chicago Press.

Preface

Introduction

Pt. 1 - Early classics

1. Carlous Linnaeus (1781) : excerpts from Dissertation II, on the increase of the habitable earth

2. Georges-Louis Leclerc, Compte de Buffon (1761) : excerpts from Natural history, general and particular

3. Johann Reinhold Forster (1778) : excerpts from Observations made during a voyage round the world, on physical geography, natural history, and ethic philosophy

4. Augustin de Candolle (1820) : excerpt from Essai elementaire de geographie Botanique

5. Alexander von Humboldt (1805) : excerpt from Essay on the geography of plants

6. Edward Forbes (1844) : excerpts from Report on the mollusca and radiata of the Aegean Sea, and on their distribution, considered as bearing on geology

7. James Dwight Dana (1853) : On an isothermal oceanic chart, illustrating the geographical distribution of marine animals

8. Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker (1853) : excerpt from The botany of the Antarctic voyage of H. M. Discovery ships Erebus and Terror in the years 1839-1843

9. Philip Lutley Sclater (1858) : On the general geographical distribution of the members of the class aves

10. Asa Gray (1876) : excerpt from Darwiniana : essays and reviews pertaining to darwinism

11. Charles Darwin (1859) : excerpts from On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life

12. Alfred Russel Wallace (1876) : excerpt from The geographical distribution of animals

13. Ernst Haeckel (1876) : excerpt from The history of creation, or the development of the earth and its inhabitants by the action of natural causes

14. Hermann von Ihering (1900) : The history of the neotropical region

15. Clinton Hart Merriam (1890) : excerpt from Results of a biological survey of the San Francisco mountain region and desert of the Little Colorado, Arizona

16. William Diller Matthew (1915) : excerpt from Climate and evolution

17. Sven Ekman (1953) : excerpt from Zoogeography of the sea

18. Evgenii Vladimirovitch Wulff (1943) : excerpt from An introduction to historical plant geography

Pt. 2 - Earth history, vicariance, and dispersal

19. Alfred Wegener (1924) : excerpt from The origin of continents and oceans

20. Lars Brundin (1966) : excerpt from Transantarctic relationships and their significance, as evidenced by chironomid midges

21. Sherwin Carlquist (1966) : The biota of long-distance dispersal, I : principles of dispersal and evolution

22. George Gaylord Simpson (1940) : Mammals and land bridges

23. Anthony Hallam (1967) : The bearing of certain palaeozoogeographic data on continental drift

24. Philip J. Darlington, Jr. (1965) : excerpt from Biogeography of the southern end of the world

25. Larry G. Marshall, S. David Webb, J. John Sepkoski, Jr., and David M. Raup (1982) : Mammalian evolution and the Great American interchange

26. Francis Dov Por (1971) : One hundred years of Suez Canal - a century of lessepsian migration : retrospect and viewpoints

Pt. 3 - Species ranges

27. Joseph Grinnell (1922) : The role of the "accidental"

28. Eric Hulten (1937) : excerpts from Outline of the history of Arctic and boreal biota during the Quaternary period

29. Evgenii Vladimirovitch Wulff (1943) : excerpt from An introduction to historical plant geography

30. Jeremy D. Holloway and Nicholas Jardine (1968) : Two approaches to zoogeography : a study based on the distributions of butterflies, birds and bats in the Indo-Australian area

31. Charles S. Elton (1958) : excerpt from The ecology of invasions by animals and plants

32. Daniel H. Janzen (1967) : Why mountain passes are higher in the tropics

33. Philip V. Wells and Rainer Berger (1967) : Late Pleistocene history of coniferous woodland in the Mohave Desert

34. John R. Flenley (1979) : The late quaternary vegetational history of the equatorial mountains

35. Paul S. Martin (1973) : The discovery of America

Pt. 4 - Revolutions in historical biogeography

36. Lars Brundin (1966) : excerpt from Transantarctic relationships and their significance, as evidenced by chironomid midges

37. Willi Hennig (1966) : excerpt from Phylogenetic systematics

38. Gareth J. Nelson (1969) : The problem of historical biogeography

39. Leon Croizat (1962) : excerpt from Space, time, form : the biological synthesis

40. Leon Croizat, Gareth J. Nelson and Donn Eric Rosen (1974) : Centers of origin and related concepts

41. Gareth J. Nelson (1974) : Historical biogeography : an alternative formalization

42. Norman I. Platnick and Gareth J. Nelson (1978) : A method of analysis for historical biogeography

43. Donn E. Rosen (1978) : Vicariant patterns and historical explanation in biogeography

Pt. 5 - Diversification

44. Bernard Rensch (1960) : excerpt from Evolution above the species level

45. Ernst Mayr (1942) : excerpt from Systematics and the origin of species

46. David Lack (1947) : excerpts from Darwin's finches

47. Philip J. Darlington, Jr. (1959) : Area, climate, and evolution

48. James W. Valentine (1969) : Patterns of taxonomic and ecological structure of the shelf benthos during Phanerozoic time

49. David M. Raup (1972) : Taxonomic diversity during the Phanerozoic

50. Jurgen Haffer (1969) : Speciation in Amazonian forest birds

51. Guy L. Bush (1969) : Sympatric host race formation and speciation in frugivorous flies of the genus Rhagoletis (diptera, tephritidae)

Pt. 6 - The importance of islands

52. Olof Arrhenius (1921) : Species and area

53. Edward O. Wilson (1959) : Adaptive shift and dispersal in a tropical ant fauna

54. Robert H. MacArthur and Edward O. Wilson (1963) : An equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography

55. Daniel S. Simberloff and Edward O. Wilson (1970) : Experimental zoogeography of islands : a two-year record of colonization

56. James H. Brown (1971) : Mammals on mountaintops : nonequilibrium insular biography

57. Jared M. Diamond (1974) : Colonization of exploded volcanic islands by birds : the supertramp strategy

58. Jared M. Diamond (1975) : The island dilemma : lessons of modern biogeographic studies for the design of natural reserves

59. Storrs L. Olson and Helen F. James (1982) : Fossil birds from the Hawaiian islands : evidence for wholesale extinction by man before Western contact

Pt. 7 - Assembly rules

60. Philip J. Darlington, Jr. (1957) : excerpt from Zoogeography : the geographic distribution of animals

61. Charles S. Elton (1946) : Competition and the structure of ecological communities

62. Carrington Bonsor Williams (1947) : The generic relations of species in small ecological communities

63. Robert H. Whittaker (1967) : Gradient analysis of vegetation

64. Robert H. MacArthur (1972) : excerpts from Geographical ecology : patterns in the distributions of species

65. Jared M. Diamond (1975) : excerpt from Assembly of species communities

66. Edward F. Connor and Daniel S. Simberloff (1979) : The assembly of species communities : chance or competition?

Pt. 8 - Gradients in species diversity : why are there so many species in the tropics?

67. Theodosius Dobzhansky (1950) : Evolution in the tropics

68. Alfred G. Fischer (1960) : Latitudinal variations in organic diversity

69. George Gaylord Simpson (1964) : Species density of North American recent mammals

70. Eric R. Pianka (1966) : Latitudinal gradients in species diversity : a review of concepts

71. Robert H. MacArthur (1972) : excerpts from Geographical ecology : patterns in the distribution of species

72. Robert H. Whittaker and William A. Niering (1975) : Vegetation of the Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona, V : biomass, production and diversity along the elevation gradient

References

List of Contributors

Index