This Second Edition of Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineeringcontinues to take an integrated approach to the topic organization. One specific structure, characteristic, or property type at a time is discussed for all three basic material types—viz. metals, ceramics, and polymeric materials. This order of presentation allows for early introduction of non-metals and supports the engineer’s role of choosing a material based on its characteristics.

Extended Coverage and Animations on CD-ROM

New copies of this text include a CD at no additional charge. The CD is an integral part of the text package and features animated software modules and the last five text chapters in .pdf format.

New copies of this text include a CD at no additional charge. The CD is an integral part of the text package and features animated software modules and the last five text chapters in .pdf format.

Learning Objectives.

1.1 Historical Perspective.

1.2 Materials Science and Engineering.

1.3 Why Study Materials Science and Engineering?

1.4 Classification of Materials.

1.5 Advanced Materials.

1.6 Materials of the Future.

1.7 Modern Materials Needs.

References .

2. Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding.

Learning Objectives.

2.1 Introduction.

ATOMICSTRUCTURE.

2.2 Fundamental Concepts.

2.3 Electrons in Atoms.

2.4 The Periodic Table.

ATOMICBONDING INSOLIDS.

2.5 Bonding Forces and Energies.

2.6 Primary Interatomic Bonds.

2.7 Secondary Bonding or van der Waals Bonding.

2.8 Molecules.

Summary.

Important Terms and Concepts.

References.

Questions and Problems.

3. Structures of Metals and Ceramics.

Learning Objectives.

3.1 Introduction.

CRYSTALSTRUCTURES.

3.2 Fundamental Concepts.

3.3 Unit Cells.

3.4 Metallic Crystal Structures.

3.5 Density Computations—Metals.

3.6 Ceramic Crystal Structures.

3.7 Density Computations—Ceramics.

3.8 Silicate Ceramics.

3.9 Carbon.

3.10 Polymorphism and Allotropy.

3.11 Crystal Systems.

CRYSTALLOGRAPHICPOINTS, DIRECTIONS,ANDPLANES.

3.12 Point Coordinates.

3.13 Crystallographic Directions.

3.14 Crystallographic Planes.

3.15 Linear and Planar Densities.

3.16 Close-Packed Crystal Structures.

CRYSTALLINE ANDNONCRYSTALLINE  MATERIALS.

3.17 Single Crystals.

3.18 Polycrystalline Materials.

3.19 Anisotropy.

3.20 X-Ray Diffraction: Determination of  Crystal Structures.

3.21 Noncrystalline Solids.

Summary.

Important Terms and Concepts.

References.

Questions and Problems.

4. Polymer Structures.

Learning Objectives.

4.1 Introduction.

4.2 Hydrocarbon Molecules.

4.3 Polymer Molecules.

4.4 The Chemistry of Polymer Molecules.

4.5 Molecular Weight.

4.6 Molecular Shape.

4.7 Molecular Structure.

4.8 Molecular Configurations.

4.9 Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Polymers.

4.10 Copolymers.

4.11 Polymer Crystallinity.

4.12 Polymer Crystals.

Summary.

Important Terms and Concepts.

References.

Questions and Problems.

5. Imperfections in Solids.

Learning Objectives.

5.1 Introduction.

POINTDEFECTS.

5.2 Point Defects in Metals.

5.3 Point Defects in Ceramics.

5.4 Impurities in Solids.

5.5 Point Defects in Polymers.

5.6 Specification of Composition.

MISCELLANEOUSIMPERFECTIONS.

5.7 Dislocations—Linear Defects.

5.8 Interfacial Defects.

5.9 Bulk or Volume Defects.

5.10 Atomic Vibrations.

MICROSCOPICEXAMINATION.

5.11 General.

5.12 Microscopic Techniques.

5.13 Grain Size Determination.

Summary.

Important Terms and Concepts.

References.

Questions and Problems.

6. Diffusion.

Learning Objectives.

6.1 Introduction.

6.2 Diffusion Mechanisms.

6.3 Steady-State Diffusion.

6.4 Nonsteady-State Diffusion.

6.5 Factors That Influence Diffusion.

6.6 Other Diffusion Paths.

6.7 Diffusion in Ionic and Polymeric Materials.

Summary.

Important Terms and Concepts.

References.

Questions and Problems.

7. Mechanical Properties.

Learning Objectives.

7.1 Introduction.

7.2 Concepts of Stress and Strain.

ELASTICDEFORMATION.

7.3 Stress–Strain Behavior.

7.4 Anelasticity.

7.5 Elastic Properties of Materials.

MECHANICALBEHAVIOR—METALS.

7.6 Tensile Properties.

7.7 True Stress and Strain.

7.8 Elastic Recovery After Plastic Deformation.

7.9 Compressive, Shear, and Torsional Deformation.

MECHANICALBEHAVIOR—CERAMICS.

7.10 Flexural Strength.

7.11 Elastic Behavior.

7.12 Influence of Porosity on the Mechanical Properties of Ceramics.

MECHANICALBEHAVIOR—POLYMERS.

7.13 Stress–Strain Behavior.

7.14 Macroscopic Deformation.

7.15 Viscoelastic Deformation.

HARDNESS ANDOTHERMECHANICALPROPERTYCONSIDERATIONS.

7.16 Hardness.

7.17 Hardness of Ceramic Materials.

7.18 Tear Strength and Hardness of Polymers.

PROPERTYVARIABILITY ANDDESIGN/SAFETYFACTORS.

7.19 Variability of Material Properties.

7.20 Design/Safety Factors.

Summary.

Important Terms and Concepts.

References.

Questions and Problems.

8. Deformation and StrengtheningMechanisms.

Learning Objectives.

8.1 Introduction.

DEFORMATIONMECHANISMSFORMETALS.

8.2 Historical.

8.3 Basic Concepts of Dislocations.

8.4 Characteristics of Dislocations.

8.5 Slip Systems.

8.6 Slip in Single Crystals.

8.7 Plastic Deformation of Polycrystalline Metals.

8.8 Deformation by Twinning.

MECHANISMS OFSTRENGTHENINGINMETALS.

8.9 Strengthening by Grain Size Reduction.

8.10 Solid-Solution Strengthening.

8.11 Strain Hardening.

RECOVERY, RECRYSTALLIZATION,ANDGRAINGROWTH.

8.12 Recovery.

8.13 Recrystallization.

8.14 Grain Growth.

DEFORMATIONMECHANISMS FORCERAMICMATERIALS.

8.15 Crystalline Ceramics.

8.16 Noncrystalline Ceramics.

MECHANISMS OFDEFORMATION AND FORSTRENGTHENING OFPOLYMERS

8.17 Deformation of Semicrystalline Polymers.

8.18 Factors That Influence the Mechanical Properties of Semicrystalline Polymers.

8.19 Deformation of Elastomers.

Summary.

Important Terms and Concepts.

References.

Questions and Problems.

9. Failure.

Learning Objectives.

9.1 Introduction.

FRACTURE.

9.2 Fundamentals of Fracture.

9.3 Ductile Fracture.

9.4 Brittle Fracture.

9.5 Principles of Fracture Mechanics.

9.6 Brittle Fracture of Ceramics.

9.7 Fracture of Polymers.

9.8 Impact Fracture Testing.

FATIGUE.

9.9 Cyclic Stresses.

9.10 The S-NCurve.

9.11 Fatigue in Polymeric Materials.

9.12 Crack Initiation and Propagation.

9.13 Crack Propagation Rate.

9.14 Factors That Affect Fatigue Life.

9.15 Environmental Effects.

CREEP.

9.16 Generalized Creep Behavior.

9.17 Stress and Temperature Effects.

9.18 Data Extrapolation Methods.

9.19 Alloys for High-Temperature Use.

9.20 Creep in Ceramic and Polymeric Materials.

CASESTUDY.

9.21 Failure of an Automobile Rear Axle.

Summary.

Important Terms and Concepts.

References.

Questions and Problems.

10. Phase Diagrams.

Learning Objectives.

10.1 Introduction.

DEFINITIONS ANDBASICCONCEPTS.

10.2 Solubility Limit.

10.3 Phases.

10.4 Microstructure.

10.5 Phase Equilibria.

EQUILIBRIUMPHASEDIAGRAMS.

10.6 Binary Isomorphous Systems.

10.7 Interpretation of Phase Diagrams.

10.8 Development of Microstructure in Isomorphous Alloys.

10.9 Mechanical Properties of Isomorphous Alloys.

10.10 Binary Eutectic Systems.

10.11 Development of Microstructure in Eutectic Alloys.

10.12 Equilibrium Diagrams Having Intermediate Phases or Compounds.

10.13 Eutectoid and Peritectic Reactions.

10.14 Congruent Phase Transformations.

10.15 Ceramic Phase Diagrams.

10.16 Ternary Phase Diagrams.

10.17 The Gibbs Phase Rule.

THEIRON–CARBONSYSTEM.

10.18 The Iron–Iron Carbide (Fe–Fe3C) Phase Diagram.

10.19 Development of Microstructures in Iron–Carbon Alloys.

10.20 The Influence of Other Alloying Elements.

Summary.

Important Terms and Concepts.

References.

Questions and Problems.

11. Phase Transformations.

Learning Objectives.

11.1 Introduction.

PHASETRANSFORMATIONS INMETALS.

11.2 Basic Concepts.

11.3 The Kinetics of Phase Transformations.

11.4 Metastable versus Equilibrium States.

MICROSTRUCTURAL ANDPROPERTYCHANGES INIRON–CARBONALLOYS.

11.5 Isothermal Transformation Diagrams.

11.6 Continuous Cooling Transformation Diagrams.

11.7 Mechanical Behavior of Iron–Carbon Alloys.

11.8 Tempered Martensite.

11.9 Review of Phase Transformations for Iron–Carbon Alloys.

PRECIPITATIONHARDENING.

11.10 Heat Treatments.

11.11 Mechanism of Hardening.

11.12 Miscellaneous Considerations.

CRYSTALLIZATION, MELTING,ANDGLASSTRANSITIONPHENOMENA INPOLYMERS.

11.13 Crystallization.

11.14 Melting.

11.15 The Glass Transition.

11.16 Melting and Glass Transition Temperatures.

11.17 Factors That Influence Melting and Glass Transition Temperatures.

Summary.

Important Terms and Concepts.

References.

Questions and Problems.

12. Electrical Properties.

Learning Objectives.

12.1 Introduction.

ELECTRICALCONDUCTION.

12.2 Ohm’s Law.

12.3 Electrical Conductivity.

12.4 Electronic and Ionic Conduction.

12.5 Energy Band Structures in Solids.

12.6 Conduction in Terms of Band and Atomic Bonding Models.

12.7 Electron Mobility.

12.8 Electrical Resistivity of Metals.

12.9 Electrical Characteristics of Commercial Alloys.

SEMICONDUCTIVITY.

12.10 Intrinsic Semiconduction.

12.11 Extrinsic Semiconduction.

12.12 The Temperature Dependence of Carrier Concentration.

12.13 Factors that Affect Carrier Mobility.

12.14 The Hall Effect.

12.15 Semiconductor Devices.

ELECTRICALCONDUCTION INIONICCERAMICS AND INPOLYMERS.

12.16 Conduction in Ionic Materials.

12.17 Electrical Properties of Polymers.

DIELECTRICBEHAVIOR.

12.18 Capacitance.

12.19 Field Vectors and Polarization.

12.20 Types of Polarization.

12.21 Frequency Dependence of the Dielectric Constant.

12.22 Dielectric Strength.

12.23 Dielectric Materials.

OTHERELECTRICALCHARACTERISTICS OFMATERIALS.

12.24 Ferroelectricity.

12.25 Piezoelectricity.

Summary.

Important Terms and Concepts.

References.

Questions and Problems.

13. Types and Applicationsof Materials.

Learning Objectives.

13.1 Introduction.

TYPES OFMETALALLOYS.

13.2 Ferrous Alloys.

13.3 Nonferrous Alloys.

TYPES OFCERAMICS.

13.4 Glasses.

13.5 Glass–Ceramics.

13.6 Clay Products.

13.7 Refractories.

13.8 Abrasives.

13.9 Cements.

13.10 Advanced Ceramics.

13.11 Diamond and Graphite.

TYPES OFPOLYMERS.

13.12 Plastics.

13.13 Elastomers.

13.14 Fibers.

13.15 Miscellaneous Applications.

13.16 Advanced Polymeric Materials.

Summary.

Important Terms and Concepts.

References.

Questions and Problems.

14. Synthesis, Fabrication, andProcessing of Materials.

Learning Objectives.

14.1 Introduction.

FABRICATION OFMETALS.

14.2 Forming Operations.

14.3 Casting.

14.4 Miscellaneous Techniques.

THERMALPROCESSING OFMETALS.

14.5 Annealing Processes.

14.6 Heat Treatment of Steels.

FABRICATION OFCERAMICMATERIALS.

14.7 Fabrication and Processing of Glasses.

14.8 Fabrication of Clay Products.

14.9 Powder Pressing.

14.10 Tape Casting.

SYNTHESIS ANDFABRICATION OFPOLYMERS.

14.11 Polymerization.

14.12 Polymer Additives.

14.13 Forming Techniques for Plastics.

14.14 Fabrication of Elastomers.

14.15 Fabrication of Fibers and Films.

Summary.

Important Terms and Concepts.

References.

Questions and Problems.

15. Composites.

Learning Objectives.

15.1 Introduction.

PARTICLE-REINFORCEDCOMPOSITES.

15.2 Large-Particle Composites.

15.3 Dispersion-Strengthened Composites.

FIBER-REINFORCEDCOMPOSITES.

15.4 Influence of Fiber Length.

15.5 Influence of Fiber Orientation and Concentration.

15.6 The Fiber Phase.

15.7 The Matrix Phase.

15.8 Polymer–Matrix Composites.

15.9 Metal–Matrix Composites.

15.10 Ceramic–Matrix Composites.

15.11 Carbon–Carbon Composites.

15.12 Hybrid Composites.

15.13 Processing of Fiber-Reinforced Composites.

STRUCTURALCOMPOSITES.

15.14 Laminar Composites.

15.15 Sandwich Panels.

Summary.

Important Terms and Concepts.

References.

Questions and Problems.

16. Corrosion and Degradationof Materials.

Learning Objectives.

16.1 Introduction.

CORROSION OFMETALS.

16.2 Electrochemical Considerations.

16.3 Corrosion Rates.

16.4 Prediction of Corrosion Rates.

16.5 Passivity.

16.6 Environmental Effects.

16.7 Forms of Corrosion.

16.8 Corrosion Environments.

16.9 Corrosion Prevention.

16.10 Oxidation.

CORROSION OFCERAMICMATERIALS.

DEGRADATION OFPOLYMERS.

16.11 Swelling and Dissolution.

16.12 Bond Rupture.

16.13 Weathering.

Summary.

Important Terms and Concepts.

References.

Questions and Problems.

17. Thermal Properties.

Learning Objectives.

17.1 Introduction.

17.2 Heat Capacity.

17.3 Thermal Expansion.

17.4 Thermal Conductivity.

17.5 Thermal Stresses.

Summary.

Important Terms and Concepts.

References.

Questions and Problems.

18. Magnetic Properties.

Learning Objectives.

18.1 Introduction.

18.2 Basic Concepts.

18.3 Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism.

18.4 Ferromagnetism.

18.5 Antiferromagnetism and Ferrimagnetism.

18.6 The Influence of Temperature on Magnetic Behavior.

18.7 Domains and Hysteresis.

18.8 Magnetic Anisotropy.

18.9 Soft Magnetic Materials.

18.10 Hard Magnetic Materials.

18.11 Magnetic Storage.

18.12 Superconductivity.

Summary.

Important Terms and Concepts.

References.

Questions and Problems.

19. Optical Properties.

Learning Objectives.

19.1 Introduction.

BASICCONCEPTS.

19.2 Electromagnetic Radiation.

19.3 Light Interactions with Solids.

19.4 Atomic and Electronic Interactions.

OPTICALPROPERTIES OFMETALS.

OPTICALPROPERTIES OFNONMETALS.

19.5 Refraction.

19.6 Reflection.

19.7 Absorption.

19.8 Transmission.

19.9 Color.

19.10 Opacity and Translucency in Insulators.

APPLICATIONS OFOPTICALPHENOMENA.

19.11 Luminescence.

19.12 Photoconductivity.

19.13 Lasers.

19.14 Optical Fibers in Communications.

Summary.

Important Terms and Concepts.

References.

Questions and Problems.

20. Materials Selection and DesignConsiderations.

Learning Objectives.

20.1 Introduction.

MATERIALSSELECTION FOR ATORSIONALLYSTRESSEDCYLINDRICALSHAFT.

20.2 Strength.

20.3 Other Property Considerations and the Final Decision.

AUTOMOBILEVALVESPRING.

20.4 Introduction.

20.5 Automobile Valve Spring.

ARTIFICIALTOTALHIPREPLACEMENT.

20.6 Anatomy of the Hip Joint.

20.7 Material Requirements.

20.8 Materials Employed.

THERMALPROTECTIONSYSTEM ON THESPACESHUTTLEORBITER.

20.9 Introduction.

20.10 Thermal Protection System—Design Requirements.

20.11 Thermal Protection System—Components.

MATERIALS FORINTEGRATEDCIRCUITPACKAGES.

20.12 Introduction.

20.13 Leadframe Design and Materials.

20.14 Die Bonding.

20.15 Wire Bonding.

20.16 Package Encapsulation.

20.17 Tape Automated Bonding.

Summary.

References.

Design Questions and Problems.

21. Economic, Environmental, andSocietal Issues in Materials Scienceand Engineering.

Learning Objectives.

21.1 Introduction.

ECONOMICCONSIDERATIONS.

21.2 Component Design.

21.3 Materials.

21.4 Manufacturing Techniques.

ENVIRONMENTAL ANDSOCIETALCONSIDERATIONS.

21.5 Recycling Issues in Materials Science and Engineering.

Summary.

References.

Appendix A: The International Systemof Units.

Appendix B: Properties of SelectedEngineering Materials.

B.1 Density.

B.2 Modulus of Elasticity.

B.3 Poisson’s Ratio.

B.4 Strength and Ductility.

B.5 Plane Strain Fracture Toughness.

B.6 Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion.

B.7 Thermal Conductivity.

B.8 Specific Heat.

B.9 Electrical Resistivity.

B.10 Metal Alloy Compositions.

Appendix C: Costs and Relative Costs forSelected Engineering Materials.

Appendix D: Mer Structures for CommonPolymers.

Appendix E: Glass Transition and MeltingTemperatures for Common PolymericMaterials.

Glossary G1.

Answers to Selected Problems.

Index.