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The Reformation
by Diarmaid MacCulloch

The Reformation Cover

Awards

2004 National Book Critics Cicle Award for Nonfiction
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Review-a-Day   (What is Review-a-Day?)

"MacCulloch has taken on this vast subject and produced one of the most magisterial and stylishly written historical works to be published in a decade. The book sparklingly synthesizes scholarship on an astonishing array of subjects....[H]e fulfills the most difficult task of the historian: he allows us to understand the past on its own terms, and in so doing he makes us (modern, largely secular readers) see why these were in fact urgent issues to those who killed and were killed over them. This is a lasting work." Benjamin Schwarz, The Atlantic Monthly (read the entire Atlantic Monthly review)

Synopses & Reviews

Publisher Comments:

The Reformation and Counter-Reformation represented the greatest upheaval in Western society since the collapse of the Roman Empire a millennium before. The consequences of those shattering events are still felt today — from the stark divisions between (and within) Catholic and Protestant countries to the Protestant ideology that governs America, the world's only remaining superpower.

In this masterful history, Diarmaid MacCulloch conveys the drama, complexity, and continuing relevance of these events. He offers vivid portraits of the most significant individuals — Luther, Calvin, Zwingli, Loyola, Henry VIII, and a number of popes — but also conveys why their ideas were so powerful and how the Reformation affected everyday lives. The result is a landmark book that will be the standard work on the Reformation for years to come. The narrative verve of The Reformation as well as its provocative analysis of American culture's debt to the period will ensure the book's wide appeal among history readers.

Review:

"Many standard histories of Christianity chronicle the Reformation as a single, momentous period in the history of the Church. According to those accounts, a number of competing groups of reformers challenged a monolithic and corrupt Roman Catholicism over issues ranging from authority and the role of the priests to the interpretation of the Eucharist and the use of the Bible in church. In this wide-ranging, richly layered and captivating study of the Reformation, MacCulloch challenges traditional interpretations, arguing instead that there were many reformations. Arranging his history in chronological fashion, MacCulloch provides in-depth studies of reform movements in central, northern and southern Europe and examines the influences that politics and geography had on such groups. He challenges common assumptions about the relationships between Catholic priests and laity, arguing that in some cases Protestantism actually took away religious authority from laypeople rather than putting it in their hands. In addition, he helpfully points out that even within various groups of reformers there was scarcely agreement about ways to change the Church. MacCulloch offers valuable and engaging portraits of key personalities of the Reformation, including Erasmus, Luther, Zwingli and Calvin. More than a history of the Reformation, MacCulloch's study examines its legacy of individual religious authority and autonomous biblical interpretation. This spectacular intellectual history reminds us that the Reformation grew out of the Renaissance, and provides a compelling glimpse of the cultural currents that formed the background to reform. MacCulloch's magisterial book should become the definitive history of the Reformation. (May 3)" Publishers Weekly (Copyright 2004 Reed Business Information, Inc.)

Review:

"[A]n outstanding work that examines fairly and objectively a definitive epoch in the history and spiritual development of the Western world." Booklist

Review:

"The Reformation is a learned, enlightening and disturbing masterwork, and likely to become the standard one-volume history." The Washington Post

Review:

"[A] superb narrative....An essential work of religious history." Kirkus Reviews

Synopsis:

The Reformation and Counter-Reformation represented the greatest upheaval in Western society since the collapse of the Roman Empire. In this masterful history, MacCulloch conveys the drama, complexity, and continuing relevance of these events.
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About the Author

Diarmaid MacCulloch is a fellow of St. Cross College, Oxford, and a professor of the history of the Church at Oxford University. His books include The Boy King: Edward VI and the Protestant Reformation and the award-winning Thomas Cramner: A Life.
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Table of Contents

contents

Preface and Acknowledgments vii

List of Illustrations and Maps xiii

Introduction xvii

part 1: a common culture

1. The Old Church, 1490 &1517 3

Seeing Salvation in Church/3 The First Pillar: The Mass and

Purgatory/10 Layfolk at Prayer/16 The Second Pillar: Papal

Primacy/26 A Pillar Cracks: Politics and the Papacy/34

Church Versus Commonwealth?/41

2. Hopes and Fears, 1490 &1517 51

Shifting Boundaries/51 The Iberian Exception/55 The Iberian

Achievement: The Western Church Exported/62 New Possibilities:

Paper and Printing/68 Humanism: A New World from Books/73

Putting Renewal into Practice/84 Reform or the Last Days?/90

Erasmus: Hopes Fulfilled, Fears Stilled?/94

3. New Heaven: New Earth, 1517 &24 103

The Shadow of Augustine/103 Luther: A Good Monk, 1483 &1517/111

An Accidental Revolution, 1517 &21/119 Whose Revolution? 1521 &22/128 Evangelical Challenges:

Zwingli and Radicalism, 1521 &22/133 Zürich

and Wittenberg, 1522 &24/140 The Years of Carnival, 1521 &24/147

4. Wooing the Magistrate, 1524 &40 154

Europe's Greatest Rebellion, 1524 &25/154 Princely Churches or

Christian Separation, 1525 &30/158 The Birth of Protestantisms,

1529 &33/166 Strassburg: New Rome or New Jerusalem?/174

Kings and Reformers, 1530 &40/184 A New King David?

Münster and Its Aftermath/199

5. Reunion Deferred: Catholic and Protestant, 1530 &60 207

A Southern Revival/207 Ignatius Loyola and the Early Jesuits/212

Hopes for a Deal: The 1541 &42 Crisis/219 A Council at Trent:

The First Session, 1545 &49/227 Calvin in Geneva: The Reformed

Answer to Münster/230 Calvin and the Eucharist: Protestant

Divisions Confirmed/240 Reformed Protestantism: Alternatives to

Calvin, 1540 &60/245

6. Reunion Scorned, 1547 &70 262

Crisis for the Habsburgs, 1547 &55/262 1555: An Emperor's

Exhaustion, a Pope's Obsession/268 A Catholic Recovery: England,

1553 &58/272 1558 &59: Turning Points for Dynasties/277 The Last

Session of the Council of Trent, 1561 &63/294 Protestants in Arms:

France and the Low Countries, 1562 &70/296

part ii: europe divided: 1570 &1619

7. The New Europe Defined, 1569 &72 307

Northern and Southern Religion/307 Tridentine Successes/312

The Catholic Defense of Christendom, 1565 &71/319 Militant Northern

Protestants, 1569 &72/321 The Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 1572/327

Poland 1569 &76: An Alternative Future?/329 Protestantism

and Providence/333

8. The North: Protestant Heartlands 337

Defining Lutheranism: Toward the Formula of Concord/337

The "Second Reformation" in Germany/343 Baltic Religious Contests:

Poland-Lithuania and Scandinavia/348 The Northern Netherlands:

Protestant Victory/356 The Northern Netherlands: The Arminian

Crisis/363 A Reformed Success: Scotland/368 Elizabethan

England: A Reformed Church?/371 Ireland: The Coming of the

Counter-Reformation/382

9. The South: Catholic Heartlands 388

Italy: The Counter-Reformation's Heart/389 Spain and Portugal:

King Philip's Church/404 The Counter-Reformation as World

Mission/414

10. Central Europe: Religion Contested 428

The Empire and Habsburg Lands: A Shattered Church/428 Habsburgs,

Wittelsbachs, and a Catholic Recovery/435 Transylvania: A Reformed

Israel/442 France: Collapse of a Kingdom, 1572 &98/449 France: A

Late Counter-Reformation/459

11. Decision and Destruction, 1618 &48 469

12. Coda: A British Legacy, 1600 &1700 485

New English Beginnings: Richard Hooker and Lancelot

Andrewes/486 Early Stuart England: The Church's Golden

Age?/495 War in Three Kingdoms, 1638 &60/503 A Spectrum

of Protestantisms, 1660 &1700/511 American Beginnings/515

part iii: patterns of life

13. Changing Times 531

Time Ending/532 Hearing God's Voice/537 Fighting Antichrist:

Idols/539 Fighting Antichrist: Witches/544

14. Death, Life, and Discipline 557

Negotiations with Death and Magic/557 Telling out the

Word/564 Godly Discipline/572 A Spirit of Protestantism?/580

15. Love and Sex: Staying the Same 587

A Common Legacy/587 The Family in Society/594 The Fear of

Sodomy/599

16. Love and Sex: Moving On 608

The "Reformation of Manners"/608 Catholicism, the Family, and

Celibacy/614 Protestantism and the Family/624 Choices in

Religion/640

17. Outcomes 645

Wars of Reformation/646 Tolerating Difference/651 Crosscurrents:

Humanism and Natural Philosophy/656 Crosscurrents: Judaism and

Doubts/664 The Enlightenment and Beyond/674

Appendix of Texts: Creeds, Lord's Prayer, Ten Commandments, and Hail Mary 685

Notes 689

Further Reading 745

Index 751

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS

plates

1a. Chancel arch figure, Preston Bissett (photo: author).

1b. People of "Calicut," from Triumph des Kaisers Maximilian I (Vienna, 1883 &84), no. 131/124 (Bodleian Library, Oxford, by permission).

2. Vulgate text: Biblia Sacra (Lyon, 1511, author's possession).

3. Doom painting, Wenhaston (photo: Dr. Katherine Whale, by permission from her and the Council of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and History).

4. Statue of Charlemagne, Grossmünster, Zürich (Hoch bauamt Kanton Zürich, Fotoarchiv).

5. Huldrych Zwingli ( Swiss National Museum, Zürich, neg. no. 109736, by permission).

6a. St. Sebaldus Shrine, St. Sebaldus Church, Nuremberg: J. Chipps Smith, German Sculpture of the Late Renaissance c. 1520 &1580: Art in an Age of Uncertainty (photo: Sackler Library, Oxford, Princeton University Press, 1994, reproduced by permission).

6b. South porch gable, Priston, Somerset (photo: author).

7. Philip of Spain and Queen Mary at the Last Supper, St. Janskerk, Gouda ( Stichting Fonds Goudse Glazen, reproduced by permission).

8. Charles V (Prado Museum, Madrid. Photo: Bridgeman Art Library).

9. Armada portrait of Queen Elizabeth I, Woburn Abbey ( the Marquess of Tavistock and the Trustees of the Bedford Estates, reproduced by permission).

10. Martin Luther and Katharina von Bora (Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, Hope 66752, by permission).

11. A papal blessing at St. Peter's Rome (Oxford, Bodleian Library, Douce Prints Portfolio 141 [93], by permission).

12. St. Ursula with her virgins: N. Circignani, Ecclesie Anglicane tropha (Rome, 1584; Bodleian Library, Oxford, by permission).

13. English torture of Catholic missionary clergy (Bodleian Library, Oxford, Douce Prints Portfolio 141 [471], by permission).

14a. John Calvin by Johann Michael Püchler ( Bildarchiv Preussische, Kulturbesitz, Berlin, reproduced by permission).

14b. Panorama of Amsterdam: A. M. Mallet, Description de l'univers (5 vols., Paris 1683, Bodleian Library, Oxford, by permission).

15a. Cologne Cathedral, 1824 ( Rheinisches Bildarchiv, reproduced by permission).

15b. Our Lady of Victory, Bila Hora, Prague (photo: Maria Dowling and Edmund Green).

16. Auto da f, Spain (Bodleian Library, Douce Portfolio 141 [471], by permission).

17. Siege of Heidelberg, 1622 (Bodleian Library, Douce prints E.2.3 [53], by permission).

18a. Elizabethan communion plate: Charsfield (by permission of the Council of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and History).

18b. Chalice: St. John's College, Oxford (the President and Fellows, St. John's College, by permission).

19a. Ceiling paintings, Tancs parish church, Transylvania (photo: Andrew Spicer).

19b. Burntisland, Fife, Mariners' Gallery (photo: Margo Todd).

20. Map of Palestine: The New Testament of Our Lord Jesus Christ (London, 1606, author's possession).

21a. Rood screen, Roxton, Bedfordshire, England (photo: Eamon Duffy).

21b. Dutch bilingual Psalter: Les CL Pseaulmes David/De CL Psalmen Davids (Amsterdam, c. 1640, author's possession).

22. Mary overcoming heresy, Naples Cathedral: G. Barraclough, ed., The Christian World: A Social and Cultural History (New York, 1981; Thames and Hudson, reproduced by permission).

23a. John Winthrop ( Massachusetts Historical Society; Bridgeman Art Library, reproduced by permission).

23b. Derry Cathedral: Reliquary, New Series, vol. 5 (1891).

24. Anna Maria van Schurman (Bodleian Library, Oxford, Douce Prints Portfolio 134 [227], by permission).

illustrations in the text

1. The Wittenberg Reformers in their early years. Martin Luther (Ashmolean Museum, Oxford: Hope Collection 66752, by permission). Philipp Melanchthon: J. Boissard, Icones (1597). 137

2. The leading Reformers of Strassburg: J. Boissard, Icones (1597). Matthias Zell and Martin Bucer (Ashmolean Museum, Oxford: Hope Collection 68868, by permission). 178

3. Two early champions of Catholic renewal. Gasparo Contarini and Ignatius Loyola (Bodleian Library, Oxford, Douce Prints Portfolio 134 [613, 627], by permission). 217

4. Two Italian refugees from the downfall of the Spirituali. Peter Martyr Vermigli: S. Clark, The Marrow of Ecclesiastical Historie (London, 1650), p. 201. Bernardino Ochino: J. F. Rein, Das gesamte Augspurgische Evangelische Ministerium in Bildern und schriften von den ersten Jahren der Reformation Lutheri bis auf 1748 (Augsburg, 1749). 226

5. Two Reformed leaders of northern Europe. John Knox: J. Knox, The historie of the Reformation of Religioun in Scotland (Edinburgh, 1732). Jan Laski: S. Clark, The Marrow of Ecclesiastical Historie (London, 1650). 285

6. Counter-Reformation preacher: D. Valads, Rhetorica christiana ad concionandi (Perugia, 1579) (Bodleian Library, Oxford, by permission). 317

7. Panorama of Bremen: M. Merian, Topographia Saxonie Inferioris: das ist, Beschreibung der vornehmsten Sttte vnnd Pltz in dem hochlblichten Nider Schssen Graisse (Frankfurt, 1653) (By permis- sion, Taylor Library, Oxford). 349

8. Philip II of Spain: Jehan Lhermite's Passetemps, Bibliothque Royale, Brussels, MS II 1028/157 ( Brussels, Royal Library of Belgium, reproduced by permission). 406

9. Cartagena: A. M. Mallet, Description de L'Univers (5 vols, Paris, 1683) (Bodleian Library, Oxford, by permission). 425

10. Commemorative centenary medal, Confession of Augsburg, 1630 (Ashmolean Museum, Oxford: Hope Collection 66772, by permission). 475

11. The architects of Arminian policies in England: Charles I and William Laud, archbishop of Canterbury. The History of the Grand Rebellion...digested into verse (3 vols., London, 1713). 502

12. Lambeth Palace: A Description of England and Wales (London, 1770). 512

13. The reign of Edward VI: J. Foxe, Acts and Monuments, 1570 (by permission, Bodleian Library, Oxford). 543

14. Stool of Repentance, Greyfriars: W. Andrews (ed.), Bygone Church Life in Scotland (London, 1899). 579

15. Two important Reformation beards: Heinrich Bullinger and Thomas Cranmer, from J. Boissard, Icones (1645). 630

maps

1. Europe's Political Units, c. 1500 4

2. The Swiss Confederation in the Early Sixteenth Century 105

3. The Holy Roman Empire, c. 1600, Showing Second Reformation Territories 339

4. The Iberian World Empires, c. 1600 390

5. East and Central Europe, 1648 431

6. Confessional Divisions in Europe, c. 1600 470

7. North American Seaboard, c. 1700 488


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Product Details

ISBN:
9780670032969
Author:
MacCulloch, Diarmaid
Publisher:
Viking Books
Location:
New York
Subject:
Religion - Church History
Subject:
Reformation
Subject:
Europe - Great Britain - General
Subject:
Christianity - History - General
Subject:
Europe - General
Edition Description:
American
Series Volume:
108-52
Publication Date:
May 2004
Binding:
Hardcover
Grade Level:
General/trade
Language:
English
Illustrations:
Y
Pages:
792
Dimensions:
9.56x6.48x2.01 in. 2.81 lbs.
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