Preface

PART I. TOOLS OF THE PHILOSOPHER

Introduction

Plato, Apology / *Stephen Layman, A Logic Primer: Reason and Argument / *Hope May, How to Read a Philosophy Paper

PART II. KNOWLEDGE AND REALITY

Introduction

Knowledge and Reality

Plato, Knowledge / René Descartes, Meditations On First Philosophy / John Locke, The Causal and Representational Theories of Perception / George Berkeley, Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous / David Hume, An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding / Immanuel Kant, How Is the Science of Nature Possible?

Skepticism and Science

Bertrand Russell, Science and Induction / Charles Peirce, The Fixation of Belief and How to Make Our Ideas Clear / Paul Feyerabend, How to Defend Society Against Science / D. M. Armstrong, The Infinite Regress of Reasons / *Stephen Stich, Is Man a Rational Animal?

PART III. MIND, PERSONAL IDENTITY AND CONSCIOUSNESS

Introduction

The Mind and the Body

Thomas Nagel, What Is It Like to Be a Bat? / J. J. C. Smart, Sensations and Brain Processes / Frank Jackson, Epiphenomenal Qualia / Paul Churchland, Reduction, Qualia and the Direct Introspection of Brain States

The Self and Personal IdentityJohn Locke, Of Identity and Diversity / Thomas Reid, Of Identity / David Hume, Of Personal Identity / Bernard Williams, The Self and the Future / Daniel C. Dennett, Where Am I? / Raymond Martin, Personal Identity from Plato to Parfit

Minds, Brains, and Machines

Ludwig Wittgenstein, Language, Logic and I / Alan Turing, Computing Machinery and Intelligence / John Searle, Minds, Brains, and Programs / Jerry Fodor, Turing, Computers and Philosophy: Can There Be a Science of Mind? / *Dialog with Daniel Dennett, Who Are We? Consciousness, Self and Reality

PART IV. DETERMINISM, FREE WILL AND RESPONSIBILITY

Introduction

Hard Determinism

Baron Holbach, The Illusion of Free Will / B. F. Skinner, Beyond Freedom and Dignity

Soft Determinism

David Hume, Liberty and Necessity / William James, The Dilemma of Determinism

Libertarianism

C. A. Campbell, Has the Self “Free Will”? / Roderick Chisolm, Freedom and the SelfFreedom and Moral ResponsibilityAristotle, Responsibility, Action and Virtue / Jean-Paul Sartre, Existentialism and Freedom / Thomas Nagel, Moral Luck / Susan Wolf, Sanity and the Metaphysics of Responsibility

PART V. REASON, RELIGION AND FAITH

Introduction

The Existence and Nature of God

Saint Augustine, Who Is God? / Saint Anselm, The Ontological Argument / Thomas Aquinas, The Five Ways / Samuel Clarke, The Cosmological Argument / William Paley, The Argument From Design / David Hume, Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion

The Problem of Evil

Nelson Pike, Divine Omniscience and Voluntary Action / J. L. Mackie, Evil and Omnipotence / Peter Van Inwagen, The Magnitude, Duration and Distribution of Evil: A TheodicyFaith and ReasonBlaise Pascal, The Wager / W. K. Clifford, The Ethics of Belief / William James, The Will to Believe / *Dialog with Alvin Plantinga, Philosophy, the Bible and God

PART VI. MORALITY, JUSTICE AND LAW

Introduction

Why Be Moral

Plato, The Myth of Gyges’s Ring / Bernard Williams, Relativism / Ayn Rand, The Virtue of Selfishness / Jonathan Bennett, The Conscience of Huckleberry FinnStandards of Right and Wrong: Theory and PracticePlato, Euthyphro / Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan / Immanuel Kant, The Categorical Imperative / Onora O’Neill, Kantian Approaches to Some Famine Problems / John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism / Peter Singer, Famine, Affluence and Morality / Kwame Anthony Appiah, Anatomy of Racisms / William Ross, The Right and the Good / *Marie Friquegnon, Life or Death of the Global Village / *Susan Leigh Anderson, We Are Our Values

Justice and Law

Plato, Address of the Laws / Thomas Hobbes, Of Commonwealth and the Rights of Sovereigns / John Locke, Of the Dissolution of Government / John Stuart Mill, On Liberty / John Rawls, A Theory of Justice / Susan Okin, Justice and Gender / Martin Luther King, Jr., Letter from Birmingham Jail

PART VII. ART, BEAUTY AND THE MEANING OF LIFE

Introduction

Art and Beauty

Aristotle, Poetics / David Hume, Of the Standard of Taste / Immanuel Kant, Analytic of the Beautiful and of the Sublime / G. W. F. Hegel, The Philosophy of Art / Arthur Schopenhauer, World as Will and Idea / Friedrich Nietzsche, Art and the Will to Power / *Dialog with Jerrold Levinson, Aesthetics: The State of the Art

Meaning

Leo Tolstoy, My Confession / Richard Taylor, Is Life Meaningful? / Raymond Martin, The Meaning of Life / Bertrand Russell, The Value of Philosophy

Appendix A: How to Write a Philosophy Paper