The acceptance of human rights and minority rights, the increasing role of international financial institutions, and globalization have led many observers to question the continued viability of the sovereign state. Here a leading expert challenges this conclusion. Stephen Krasner contends that states have never been as sovereign as some have supposed. Throughout history, rulers have been motivated by a desire to stay in power, not by some abstract adherence to international principles. Organized hypocrisy--the presence of longstanding norms that are frequently violated--has been an enduring attribute of international relations

Political leaders have usually but not always honored international legal sovereignty, the principle that international recognition should be accorded only to juridically independent sovereign states, while treating Westphalian sovereignty, the principle that states have the right to exclude external authority from their own territory, in a much more provisional way. In some instances violations of the principles of sovereignty have been coercive, as in the imposition of minority rights on newly created states after the First World War or the successor states of Yugoslavia after 1990; at other times cooperative, as in the European Human Rights regime or conditionality agreements with the International Monetary Fund.

The author looks at various issues areas to make his argument: minority rights, human rights, sovereign lending, and state creation in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Differences in national power and interests, he concludes, not international norms, continue to be the most powerful explanation for the behavior of states.

is a book with a provocative theme that is tracked through a variety of interesting cases to a conclusion that may help to clarify contemporary discussions of a central theoretical and practical issue in the discipline. It is likely to become a standard example of mainstream realist efforts to address the current generation of arguments that globalization is producing fundamental change in international relations.

Krasner stakes out a rigorous and important position. This book is one that must be read by those who have the slightest interest in the history of international relations.

Stephen Krasner played a key role in transforming state sovereignty from a neorealist presumption into an object of sustained inquiry. Thus his new book is particularly noteworthy. . . . Keeping different kinds of sovereignty straight is crucial to the study of international relations, whether at the hands of neorealists or constructivists, nonliberal institutionalists, or postmodernists.

is a powerful and important book, destined to become a standard realist position in the current contexts of globalization and security theory.

Includes bibliographical references (p. [239]-254) and index.

Acknowledgments ix

CHAPTER ONE Sovereignty and Its Discontents 3

CHAPTER TWO Theories of Institutions and International Politics 43

CHAPTER THREE Rulers and Ruled: Minority Rights 73

CHAPTER FOUR Rulers and Ruled: Human Rights 105

CHAPTER FIVE Sovereign Lending 127

CHAPTER SIX Constitutional Structures and New States in the Nineteenth Century 152

CHAPTER SEVEN Constitutional Structures and New States after 1945 184

CHAPTER EIGHT Conclusion: Not a Game of Chess 220

References 239

Index 255