Huck's Raft: A History of American Childhood

Like Huck's raft, the experience of American childhood has been both adventurous and terrifying. For more than three centuries, adults have agonized over raising children while children have followed their own paths to development and expression. Now, Steven Mintz gives us the first comprehensive history of American childhood encompassing both the child's and the adult's tumultuous early years of life.

Underscoring diversity through time and across regions, Mintz traces the transformation of children from the sinful creatures perceived by Puritans to the productive workers of nineteenth-century farms and factories, from the cosseted cherubs of the Victorian era to the confident consumers of our own. He explores their role in revolutionary upheaval, westward expansion, industrial growth, wartime mobilization, and the modern welfare state. Revealing the harsh realities of children's lives through history--the rigors of physical labor, the fear of chronic ailments, the heartbreak of premature death--he also acknowledges the freedom children once possessed to discover their world as well as themselves.

Whether at work or play, at home or school, the transition from childhood to adulthood has required generations of Americans to tackle tremendously difficult challenges. Today, adults impose ever-increasing demands on the young for self-discipline, cognitive development, and academic achievement, even as the influence of the mass media and consumer culture has grown. With a nod to the past, Mintz revisits an alternative to the goal-driven realities of contemporary childhood. An odyssey of psychological self-discovery and growth, this book suggests a vision of childhood that embraces risk and freedom--like the daring adventure on Huck's raft.

"No aspect of American life is as shrouded in idealizing myth as childhood. In this compelling work of historical synthesis, University of Houston history professor Mintz argues forcefully — if not originally — that for most of the past three centuries childhood has been the exception rather than the norm. Responding to the exigencies of colonial life, Mintz writes, the Puritans unsentimentally mentored children as 'adults in training.' With the explosive rise of an urban, factory-based economy in the mid-19th century, childhood first emerged as a discrete period of development. Limited, home-based instruction was replaced by compulsory instruction in public schools — but not all children benefited. For most young people in the years after the Industrial Revolution — despite the mixed results of reformers — childhood meant grim factory or farm labor, poverty, loneliness, exploitation (economic and sexual) and often unspeakable cruelty. Poor, immigrant and black children suffered disproportionately as the class gap widened. More recently, Mintz recounts, childhood has been refined and extended into the phenomenon of protracted adolescence. That childhood has mostly been less than ideal is not surprising. What may be, for many readers, is Mintz's portrait of just how far from the ideal this country has been — and perhaps continues to be — in meeting the health needs, education and welfare of all its children. 36 b&w photos." Publishers Weekly (Copyright 2004 Reed Business Information, Inc.)

Winner of the Merle Curti Award Sponsored by the Organization of American HistoriansWinner of the Carr P. Collins Award for the Best Book of Nonfiction, Texas Institute of LettersLike Huck’s raft, the experience of American childhood has been both adventurous and terrifying. Now, Steven Mintz gives us the first comprehensive history of American childhood.â�“Huck’s Raft is a major reinterpretation of the entire sweep of American history as seen through the eyes and experiences of children and adolescents. A highly original masterpiece which combines immense breadth with the often painful and complex specificity of ‘growing up in America.’” — David Brion Davis, author of Challenging the Boundaries of Slaveryâ�“[An] often fascinating and massively documented exploration of four centuries of American childhood ...Huck’s Raft is a work of scholarly integrity and humanist zeal.” — Joyce Carol Oates, Times Literary Supplementâ�“A rich and stimulating book, revealing how much childhood has changed over the centuries and how much some things never change.” — Michael Dirda, Washington Postâ�“An engaging, sober and often poignant account of how adults have viewed and treated children and, equally important, how children’s own experiences and life chances have been heavily influenced by economics, race and ethnicity ...[A] compelling history of childhood.” — Eric Arnesen, Chicago Tribune

Steven Mintzis John and Rebecca Moores Professor of History at the <>University of Houston.

Preface

Prologue

1. Children of the Covenant

2. Red, White, and Black in Colonial America

3. Sons and Daughters of Liberty

4. Inventing the Middle-Class Child

5. Growing Up in Bondage

6. Childhood Battles of the Civil War

7. Laboring Children

8. Save the Child

9. Children under the Magnifying Glass

10. New to the Promised Land

11. Revolt of Modern Youth

12. Coming of Age in the Great Depression

13. Mobilizing Children for World War II

14. In Pursuit of the Perfect Childhood

15. Youthquake

16. Parental Panics and the Reshaping of Childhood

17. The Unfinished Century of the Child

Notes

Index