From a leading scholar of our country?s foreign policy, the brilliant essay about America and the world that has caused a storm in international circles now expanded into book form.

European leaders, increasingly disturbed by U.S. policy and actions abroad, feel they are headed for what the New York Times (July 21, 2002) describes as a "moment of truth." After years of mutual resentment and tension, there is a sudden recognition that the real interests of America and its allies are diverging sharply and that the trans-atlantic relationship itself has changed, possibly irreversibly. Europe sees the United States as high-handed, unilateralist, and unnecessarily belligerent; the United States sees Europe as spent, unserious, and weak. The anger and mistrust on both sides are hardening into incomprehension.

This past summer, in Policy Review, Robert Kagan reached incisively into this impasse to force both sides to see themselves through the eyes of the other. Tracing the widely differing histories of Europe and America since the end of World War II, he makes clear how for one the need to escape a bloody past has led to a new set of transnational beliefs about power and threat, while the other has perforce evolved into the guarantor of that "postmodern paradise" by dint of its might and global reach.

This remarkable analysis is being discussed from Washington to Paris to Tokyo. It is esssential reading.

"The task," pronounces neoconservative columnist Kagan in his apologia for empire, "for both Europeans and Americans, is to readjust to the new reality of American hegemony." Expanded from an article that appeared in Policy Review, this book-length essay examines the different perspectives Americans and Europeans have on international relations, arguing that European expectations of peace and a system of laws are only possible because of the naked use of American power. While serving as a guarantor of the European paradise, Kagan says, the United States cannot enter it, serving instead as a lonely guardian walking the walls of paradise. Annotation (c)2003 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

“No academic piece in this realm has generated quite as much heat and interest since Samuel Huntington’s ‘Clash of Civilizations’ article in 1993 or Francis Fukuyama’s ‘End of History’ in 1989.”

Francois Heisbourg, New York Times

"Though he?s capable of concocting a memorable sound bite, Kagan develops his nuanced argument with an appreciation for why Europeans are not now lining up alongside us to give Saddam a good thrashing. Good reading for policy wonks who missed the original article, of a piece with recent arguments for the virtues of American imperialism." Kirkus Reviews

“Bob Kagan's provocative and thoughtful essay is required reading for everyone concerned about the future of trans-Atlantic relations. Ever controversial, Kagan's critical contribution to understanding American and European views of world order will be discussed and debated for years to come. Although not everyone will agree with Kagan's analysis, readers will benefit from its clarity, insight, and historical force.”

Senator John McCain

“The most controversial big-think essay of the season.”

Jay Tolson, U.S. News + World Report

“His essay [has] the foreign policy establishment humming from Washington to Tokyo…It is being called the new ‘X’ article (George F. Kennan, using the pseudonym ‘X’ in the July 1947 issue of Foreign Affairs, conceptualized the Cold War policy of containment).”

Lorraine Adams, The Washington Post

“This refreshing essay results from careful thought combined with critical information. Read it and you will think more deeply about this important arena.”George P. Shultz, Distinguished Fellow at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University

“This refreshing essay results from careful thought combined with critical information. Read it and you will think more deeply about this important arena.”

George P. Schultz

Distinguished fellow at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University

U.S. Secretary of State from 1982-1989.

“For its brilliant juxtaposition of strategy and philosophy, of the realities of power and the ethics of power, of the American ideal of justice and the European ideal of peace, Robert Kagan’s small book is a big book. Nothing like this has been written since the death of Raymond Aron.”

Leon Wieseltier

At a time when relations between the United States and Europe are at their lowest ebb since World War II, this brief but cogent book is essential reading. Robert Kagan, a leading scholar of American foreign policy, forces both sides to see themselves through the eyes of the other. Europe, he argues, has moved beyond power into a self-contained world of laws, rules, and negotiation, while America operates in a “Hobbesian” world where rules and laws are unreliable and military force is often necessary.

Tracing how this state of affairs came into being over the past fifty years and fearlessly exploring its ramifications for the future, Kagan reveals the shape of the new transatlantic relationship. The result is a book that promises to be as enduringly influential as Samuel Huntington’s The Clash of Civilizations.

Robert Kagan is senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, where he is director of the U.S. Leadership Project. In addition to a monthly column in theWashington Post, he is the author of A Twilight Struggle: American Power and Nicaragua, 1977-1990 and coeditor, with William Kristol, of Present Dangers: Crisis and Opportunity in American Foreign and Defense Policy. Kagan served in the State Department from 1984 to 1988.