The Ancient Hawaiian State: Origins of a Political Society

Historians and archaeologists define primary states — "cradles of civilization" from which all modern nation states ultimately derive — as large-scale territorially-based, autonomous societies in which a centralized, bureaucratic government employs legitimate power to exercise sovereignty. The well-recognized list of regions that witnessed the development of primary states is short: Egypt, Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, China, Mesoamerica, and Andean South America. Drawing on archaeological and ethnohistorical sources, Robert J. Hommon demonstrates that Polynesia, with primary states in both Hawai'i and Tonga, should be added to this list.

The Ancient Hawaiian State is a study of the ancient Hawaiians' transformation of their Polynesian chiefdoms into primary state societies, un-influenced of any pre-existing states. The emergence of primary states is one of the most revolutionary transformations in human history, and Hawai'i's metamorphosis was so profound that in some ways the contact-era Hawaiian states bear a closer resemblance to our world than to that of their closely-related East Polynesian contemporaries, 4,000 kilometers to the south. In contrast to the other six regions, in which states emerged in the distant, pre-literate past, the transformation of Hawaiian states is documented in an extensive body of oral traditions preserved in written form, a rich literature of early post-contact eyewitness accounts of participants and Western visitors, as well as an extensive archaeological record. Part One of this book describes three competing Hawaiian states, based on the islands of Hawai'i, Maui, and O'ahu, that existed at the time of first contact with the non-Polynesian world (1778-79). Part Two presents a detailed definition of state society and how contact-era Hawai'i satisfies this definition. Part Three provides political and cultural context by comparing the Hawaiian states with the Tongan state and five Polynesian chiefdom societies in the Solomon, Marquesan, and Society Archipelagoes. Part Four provides a model of the Hawai'i State Emergence across a thousand years of history. The results of this significant study further the analysis of political development throughout Polynesia while profoundly redefining the history and research of primary state formation.

Robert J. Hommon is a retired archaeologist and Senior Cultural Resource Scientist at the Pacific Islands Support Office, National Parks Service, as well as the former President of the Society for Hawaiian Archaeology.

Introduction

PART ONE: Hawai'i in The Early Contact Era

1. The People

2. Government, War, and Refuge

3. Houses and Crafts

4. Farming and Fishing

5. Gods and Temples

6. Makahiki, Trails, and Exchange

PART TWO: State Societies and the Ancient Hawaiian Example

7. State Societies

8. The Ancient Hawaiian State

PART THREE: Polynesian Examples

9. Polynesian Comparisons

10. Tikopia

11. The Marquesas Islands: Nuku Hiva and `Ua Pou

12. The Society Islands: Tahiti and Porapora

13. The Ancient Tongan State

PART FOUR: The Hawaiian State Emergence Model

14. The Model: Introduction and Chronology Construction

15. The Model of Hawaiian State Emergence

16. Summary and Conclusion

Appendix A. Summary of Ancient Hawaiian Political History

Appendix B. Glossary

Bibliography

Index