' Providing a comprehensive, approachable treatment of current cognitive psychology, this fourth edition of a classic volume, formerly entitled Human Memory and Cognition, maintains the direct style that has proved so popular in the past. Neurocognitive evidence is integrated throughout, and the book balances empirical evidence, theory, and explanations of important points with sufficient detail so that readers learn not only cognitive psychology, but also how experiments are designed and interpreted and how theories are tested. Chapter topics include an introduction to cognitive psychology; the cognitive science approach; perception and pattern recognition; attention; short-term, working memory; learning and remembering; knowing; using knowledge in the real world; language; comprehension: written and spoken language; decisions, judgments, and reasoning; and problem solving. For individuals interested in cognitive psychology and memory.

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Never HIGHLIGHT a Book Again! Virtually all testable terms, concepts, persons, places, and events are included. Cram101 Textbook Outlines gives all of the outlines, highlights, notes for your textbook with optional online practice tests. Only Cram101 Outlines are Textbook Specific. Cram101 is NOT the Textbook.

Other important new developments also examined in the new edition include: false memory research, new research on working memory and individual differences, new strides in online investigations of comprehension and reading, and new challenges to the classic research in heurstics in decision-making.

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  1. Cognitive Psychology : An Introduction

 

Thinking About Thinking

 

Memory and Cognition Defined

 

An Introductory History of Cognitive Psychology

 

    Anticipations of Psychology

    Early Psychology

    Behaviorism and Neobehaviorism

    Dissatifaction with Behaviorism: The Winds of Change

 

Cognitive Psychology and Information Processing: The New Direction

 

    The Assumptions of Cognitive Psychology

 

2. The Cognitive Science Approach

 

    Guiding Principles

    Themes

 

Measuring Information Processes

 

    Getting Started

    Time and Accuracy Measures

    Guiding Analogies

 

The Information-Processing Approach

 

    The Standard Theory

    A Process Model

    The Strict Information Processing Approach

    Some Difficulties

 

The Modern Cognitive Approach: Cognitive Science

 

    Updating the Standard Theory

    Fixing the Narrowness

 

Neurocognition: The Brain and Cognition Together

 

    Basic Neurology

    Brain Anatomy

    Principles of Functioning

    Split Brain Research and Lateralization

    Methods of Investigation

 

3. Perception and Pattern Recognition

 

Visual Perception

    

    Gathering Visual Information

    Visual Sensory Memory

    The Argument About Iconic Memory

    A Summary for Visual Sensory Memory

 

Pattern Recognition: Written Language

 

    The Template Approach

    Visual Feature Detection

    Beyond Features: Conceptually Driven Pattern Recognition

 

Object Recognition and Agnosia

 

    Recognition by Components

    Agnosia

    Implications for Cognitive Science

 

Auditory Perception

 

    Auditory Sensory Memory

    Auditory Pattern Recognition

 

4. Attention

 

    Multiple Meaning of Attention

    Basics of Attention

 

Basic Input Attentional Processes

 

    Alertness and Arousal

    Reflexive Attention and the Orienting Response

    Spotlight Attention and Visual Search

    Contrasting Input and Controlled Attention

 

Controlled, Voluntary Attention

 

    Selective Attention and the Cocktail Party Effect

    Selection Models

 

Attention as a Mental Resource

 

    Automatic and Conscious Processing Theories

    A Synthesis for Attention and Automaticity

    Disadvantages of Automaticity

 

A Disorder of Attention: Hemineglect

 

5. Short-Term Working Memory

 

Short-Term Memory: A Limited-Capacity Bottleneck

 

    The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two

    The Brown-Peterson Task: Decay from Short-Term Memory

    Interferences versus Decay in Short-Term Memory

 

Short-Term Memory and Recall

 

    Free versus Serial Recall

    Serial Position Effects

    Rehearsal Buffer

 

Retrieval from Short-Term Memory

    

    Recognition Tasks

    Short-Term Memory Scanning: The Sternberg Task

 

Multiple Codes in Short-Term Memory

 

    Verbal Codes

    Semantic Codes

    Visual Codes

    Other Codes

 

Working Memory

 

    Early Neuropsychological Evidence

    The Components of Working Memory

    The Dual Task Method Applied to Working Memory

    Testing the Working Memory Model

    Neuropsychological Evidence

    Individual Differences Approach to Working Memory

    Overview

 

6. Learning and Remembering

 

Preliminary Issues

 

    Mnemonic Devices

    The Ebbinghaus Tradition of Memory Research

    Metamemory

 

Storing Information in Episodic Memory

 

    Rehearsal

    Frequency of Rehearsal

    Two Kinds of Rehearsal

    Depth of Processing

    Challenges to Depth of Processing

    Defining Levels

    Organization in Storage

    Imagery

    Storage Summary: Encoding Specificity

 

Retrieving Episodic Information

 

    Decay

    Interference

    Retrieval Failure

    Retrieval Cues and Encoding Specificity

 

Amnesia and Implicit Memory

 

    Dissociation of Episodic and Semantic Memory

    Anterograde Amnesia

    Implicit and Explicit Memory

 

7. Knowing

 

Semantic Memory

 

    The Collins and Quillian ( and Loftus) Model

    Smith's Feature Comparison Model

    Empirical Tests of Semantic Memory Models

    Clashing Models of Explainations

    Semantic Relatedness

 

Categorization, Classification, and Prototypes

 

    Concept Formation

    Natural Language Concepts

    Internal Structure and the Power of Categorization

    

Priming in Semantic Memory

    

    Nuts and Bolts of Priming Tasks

    Empirical Demonstrations of Priming

    Priming in Other Tasks

    Priming is Automatic

    Priming is an Implicit Process

 

Context, Connectionism, and the Brain

 

    Context

    Connectionism

    Connectionsim and the Brain

 

8. Using Knowledge in the Real World

 

    The Seven Sins of Memory

 

Reconstructive Memory and Semantic Integration

 

    Bartlett's Research

    Schemata

    Semantic Integration

    Technical and Content Accuracy

 

Propositions

 

    The Nature of Propositions

    Strengths of Propositional Theories

    Rules for Deriving Propositions

    Are Propositions Real?

 

Propositions, Semantic Networks, and Scripts

 

    Scripts

    Evidence of Scripts

 

False Memories, Eyewitness Memory. and \"Forgotten Memories\"

 

    False Memories

    Leading Questions and Memory Distortion

    The Misinformation Effect

    Source Misattribution and Misinformation Acceptance

    Stronger Memory Distortion Effects

    Repressed and Recovered Memories

 

Autobiographical Memories

 

    The Bahrick Work

    The Relationship of Laboratory to Real-World Memory

    The Irony of Memory

 

9. Language

 

Linguistic Universals and Functions

 

    Defining Language

    Universals of Language

    Animal Communication Systems

    Five Levels of Analysis, a Critical Distinction, and Whorf's Hypothesis

 

Phonology: The Sounds of Language

 

    Sounds in Isolation

    Combining Phonemes into Words

    Speech Perception and Context

    A Final Puzzle

 

Syntax: The Ordering of Words and Phrases

 

    Chomsky's Transformational Grammar

    Limitations of the Transformational Grammar Approach

    The Cognitive Role of Syntax

 

Lexical and Semantic Factors: The Meaning in Language

 

    Morphemes

    The Lexical Representation

    Case Grammar

    Interaction of Syntax and Semantics

    Evidence for the Semantic Grammar Approaches

    Case Grammar, Propositions, and Comprehension

 

Brain and Language

 

    Aphasia

    Generalizing from Aphasia

    Language in the Intact Brain

 

10. Comprehension: Written and Spoken Language

 

Getting Started: An Overview

 

    Conceptual and Rule Knowledge

    Traditional Comprehension Research

    Online Comprehension Tasks

    Comprehension as Mental Structure Building

    A Situation Model Approach to Comprehension

    

Reference, Inference, and Memory

 

    Reference

    Implication and Inference

    Simple Reference and Inference

    Inferences During Comprehension

    The Processes and Extent of Drawing Inferences

 

Reading

 

    Gaze Duration Procedures

    Basic Online Reading Effects

    A Model of Reading

    Summary

 

Spoken Language and Conversation

 

    The Structure of Conversations

    Cognitive Conversational Characteristics

    Empirical Effects in Conversation

 

11. Decisions, Judgments, and Reasoning

 

Formal Logic and Reasoning

 

    Syllogisms

    Conditional Reasoning: If P Then Q

    Hypothesis Testing

 

Decisions

 

    Decisions About Physical Differences

    Decisions About Symbolic Differences

    Decisions About Geographic Distances

 

Decisions and Reasoning Under Uncertainty

 

    Algorithms and Heuristics

    Heuristics, Biases, and Fallacies

    The Representativeness Heuristic

    The Availability Heuristics

    The Simulation Heuristics

    The Undoing Heuristics: Counterfactual Reasoning

    Adaptive Thinking and \" Fast, Frugal\" Heuristics

    The Ongoing Debate

 

Limitations in Reasoning

 

    Limited Domain Knowledge

    Limitations in Processing Resources

    Appendix: Algorithms for Coin Tosses and Hospital Births

 

12. Problem Solving

 

    The Status of Problem-Solving Area

 

Gestalt Psychology and Problem Solving

 

    Early Gestalt Research

    Difficulties in Problem Solving

    

Insight and Analogy

    

    Insight

    Analogy

    Neurocognition in Analogy and Insight

 

Basics of Problem Solving

 

    Characteristics of Problem Solving

    A Vocabulary of Problem Solving

 

Means-End Analysis: A Fundamental Heuristic

 

    The Basics of Means-End Analysis

    Means-End Analysis and the Tower of Hanoi

    General Problem Solver

    Adaptive Control of Thought

 

Improving Your Problem Solving

 

    Increase Your Domain Knowledge

    Automate Some Components of the Problem-Solving Solution

    Follow a Systematic Plan

    Draw Inferences

    Develop Subgoals

    Work Backward

    Search for Contradictions

    Search for Relations Among Problems

    Find  a Different Problem Representation

    If All Else Fails, Try Practice

 

Glossary

References

Photo Credits

Name Index

Subjet Index

 

    

    

    

 

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

 

 

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