Image Makers: Advertising, Public Relations, and the Ethos of Advocacy

Talking dogs pitching ethnic food. Heart-tugging appeals for contributions. Recruitment calls for enlistment in the military. Tub-thumpers excoriating American society with over-the-top rhetoric. At every turn, Americans are exhorted to spend money, join organizations, rally to causes, or express outrage. Image Makers is a comprehensive analysis of modern advocacy-from commercials to public service ads to government propaganda-and its roots in advertising and public relations.

Robert Jackall and Janice M. Hirota explore the fashioning of the apparatus of advocacy through the stories of two organizations, the Committee on Public Information, which sold the Great War to the American public, and the Advertising Council, which since the Second World War has been the main coordinator of public service advertising. They then turn to the career of William Bernbach, the adman's adman, who reinvented advertising and grappled creatively with the profound skepticism of a propaganda-weary midcentury public. Jackall and Hirota argue that the tools-in-trade and habits of mind of "image makers" have now migrated into every corner of modern society. Advocacy is now a vocation for many, and American society abounds as well with "technicians in moral outrage," including street-smart impresarios, feminist preachers, and bombastic talk-radio hosts.

The apparatus and ethos of advocacy give rise to endlessly shifting patterns of conflicting representations and claims, and in their midst Image Makers offers a clear and spirited understanding of advocacy in contemporary society and the quandaries it generates.

Everywhere we turn, we are exhorted to spend money, join organizations, rally to causes, or express outrage. Image Makers is a comprehensive analysis of this age of modern advocacy-from commercials to public service ads to government propaganda-and its roots in advertising and public relations.

Robert Jackall is the Class of 1956 Professor of Sociology and Social Thought at Williams College. His books include Moral Mazes: The World of Corporate Managers and Wild Cowboys: Urban Marauders & the Forces of Order.

Janice M. Hirota is an anthropologist who has done extensive fieldwork in urban America. In addition to her research on ad makers, she has studied community activists, social service providers, and poor and homeless populations in New York and other U.S. cities.

1. Funhouse Mirrors

The Apparatus of Advocacy

2. Advertising the Great War

3. Public Relations for Advertising

The Ethos of Advocacy

4. Turning the World Upside Down

5. Advocacy as a Profession

6. Habits of Mind

7. Advocacy as a Vocation

The Discernment of Representations

8. Make-Believe Worlds