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The Last Days of the Incas
by Kim MacQuarrie
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Synopses & Reviews In 1532, the fifty-four-year-old Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro led a force of 167 men, including his four brothers, to the shores of Peru. Unbeknownst to the Spaniards, the Inca rulers of Peru had just fought a bloody civil war in which the emperor Atahualpa had defeated his brother Huascar. Pizarro and his men soon clashed with Atahualpa and a huge force of Inca warriors at the Battle of Cajamarca. Despite being outnumbered by more than two hundred to one, the Spaniards prevailed — due largely to their horses, their steel armor and swords, and their tactic of surprise. They captured and imprisoned Atahualpa. Although the Inca emperor paid an enormous ransom in gold, the Spaniards executed him anyway. The following year, the Spaniards seized the Inca capital of Cuzco, completing their conquest of the largest native empire the New World has ever known. Peru was now a Spanish colony, and the conquistadors were wealthy beyond their wildest dreams. But the Incas did not submit willingly. A young Inca emperor, the brother of Atahualpa, soon led a massive rebellion against the Spaniards, inflicting heavy casualties and nearly wiping out the conquerors. Eventually, however, Pizarro and his men forced the emperor to abandon the Andes and flee to the Amazon. There, he established a hidden capital, called Vilcabamba. Although the Incas fought a deadly, thirty-six-year-long guerrilla war, the Spanish ultimately captured the last Inca emperor and vanquished the native resistance. Kim MacQuarrie lived in Peru for five years and became fascinated by the Incas and the history of the Spanish conquest. Drawing on both native and Spanish chronicles, he vividly describes the dramatic story of the conquest, with all its savagery and suspense. MacQuarrie also relates the story of the modern search for Vilcabamba, of how Machu Picchu was discovered, and of how a trio of colorful American explorers only recently discovered the lost Inca capital of Vilcabamba, hidden for centuries in the Amazon. This authoritative, exciting history is among the most powerful and important accounts of the culture of the South American Indians and the Spanish Conquest. Review: "With vivid and energetic prose, Emmy Award — winner and author MacQuarrie (From the Andes to the Amazon) re-creates the 16th-century struggle for what would become modern-day Peru. The Incas ruled a 2,500 — mile-long empire, but Spanish explorers, keen to enrich the crown and spread the Catholic Church, eventually destroyed Inca society. MacQuarrie, who writes with just the right amount of drama ('After the interpreter finished delivering the speech, silence once again gripped the square'), is to be commended for giving a balanced account of those events. This long and stylish book doesn't end with the final 1572 collapse of the Incas. Fast-forwarding to the 20th century, MacQuarrie tells the surprisingly fascinating story of scholars' evolving interpretations of Inca remains. In 1911, a young Yale professor of Latin American history named Hiram Bingham identified Machu Picchu as the nerve center of the empire. Few questioned Bingham's theory until after his death in 1956; in the 1960s Gene Savoy discovered the real Inca center of civilization, Vilcabamba. Although MacQuarrie dedicates just a few chapters to modern research, the archeologists who made the key discoveries emerge as well-developed characters, and the tale of digging up the empire is as riveting as the more familiar history of Spanish conquest. B&w illus., maps." Publishers Weekly (Starred Review) (Copyright Reed Business Information, Inc.) Review: "The Spanish conquest of South and Central America during the 16th century is an almost unmatchable story of human courage and cruelty, resourcefulness and duplicity, profit and exploitation. It has been celebrated and deplored in histories, novels and poems, and to this day — five centuries later — it remains a subject of endless debate. Like the American Civil War, it has the power to provoke passionate ... Washington Post Book Review (read the entire Washington Post review) emotions long after the deaths of those who fought in it. The most famous campaign in the conquest is Hernando Cortes' invasion and subjugation of Mexico in 1519-21. It was carried out by a force of a few hundred men, who by dint of superior arms and armor managed to overcome the seemingly invulnerable Aztec Empire. This astonishing and supremely bloody accomplishment is the subject of one of the early classics of American literature, William H. Prescott's: History of the Conquest of Mexico' (1843), a monumental three-volume epic that treats Cortes and Montezuma, the emperor whom he overthrew, as heroic, larger-than-life figures. Four years later Prescott published his 'History of the Conquest of Peru,' a somewhat shorter (two volumes) and less successful study of Francisco Pizarro's eradication of the Inca Empire of western South America, a campaign that began in the early 1530s and continued for another three decades, well past Pizarro's assassination in 1541. Whatever its shortcomings, Prescott's remained the dominant history (in English, that is) for more than a century, until the publication of the magisterial 'The Conquest of the Incas' by the British scholar John Hemming (1970, revised 1993). This is likely to remain the definitive account for many years to come, but 'The Last Days of the Incas,' by filmmaker and writer Kim MacQuarrie, is a welcome addition to the literature. Lively and dramatic, it should appeal to a popular readership, but there is no evidence that — apart from a certain amount of forgivable invention — MacQuarrie has sacrificed historical accuracy in order to hype the story. Pizarro was in his early 50s when he landed in the place Spaniards knew as 'Viru' or 'Biru,' after a fabulously wealthy tribe they believed lived there; 'eventually, the name of this tribe would be transmogrified and would come to refer to ... Peru — home to the largest native empire the New World would ever know.' Pizarro was a seasoned explorer, but also the son of a respected soldier and a 'common maid' who was 'stigmatized by the fact that his father had never married his mother.' He 'had received little if any schooling and thus remained illiterate for his entire life,' but he was smart, ambitious, and he 'instinctively understood both power and politics.' He was the oldest of five brothers who came to Latin America — the others were Hernando, Juan, Francisco Martin and Gonzalo — and his family's stamp on Peru remains almost as visible now as it was five centuries ago. This is because the Spanish conquest of Peru, like that of Mexico and all the other places Spain invaded during this time of its greatest strength, involved the subjugation of native peoples and the ascendancy of the Spanish. The shape of Peru today was determined by what Pizarro and his henchmen did, and thus their legacy can only be regarded as exceedingly dubious. On the one hand they brought Western inventions, institutions and religion to a part of the world that seemed (though it certainly wasn't) backward and underdeveloped, and a case can be made that in the long run this was to Latin America's benefit. On the other hand the conquistadors slaughtered innocent citizens and poorly armed soldiers in numbers too vast to count; pillaged the treasures of the Inca Empire, murdered its leaders and destroyed many of its monuments; established a system of autocratic Spanish political, cultural and economic control that still retains its grip, maintaining most indigenous inhabitants as second-class citizens at best. MacQuarrie writes from a vantage point from which these deleterious aspects of the conquest can be seen more clearly. As he says, Prescott's 'tale of Pizarro and a handful of Spanish heroes defying the odds against hordes of barbaric native savages not coincidentally mirrored the ideas and conceits of the Victorian Age and of American Manifest Destiny. No doubt this volume also reflects the prevailing attitudes of our time.' Among those attitudes are not merely a deeper sympathy for the indigenes of Latin America but also greater respect for the accomplishments of the Incas and for the intelligence of their leaders. A problem for anyone writing about the conquest of Peru is that documentation is limited and frequently unreliable. As MacQuarrie says, many of the accounts of the conflict were written years after the fact by people who either were not there or whose memories had become suspect. One of these was Garcilaso de la Vega, whose famous two-part 'Royal Commentaries of the Incas' (1609) describes the conquest from the Incan point of view but at times seems closer to fiction than fact. Occasionally, MacQuarrie falls back on his own imagination — 'Hernando Pizarro, his horse snorting, presumably looked down his lines, then directly at Orgonez across the plain from him. Not taking his eyes from him, he then raised his sword on high, held it aloft for a moment, then quickly brought it down' — but though there's quite a lot of this, it adds color to the tale without undermining its essential credibility. Chalk it up to something like poetic license and leave it at that. The basic elements of the story are not in dispute. After establishing a beachhead on the Peruvian coast, Francisco Pizarro struck out for the center of the Inca Empire with a force — a force! — of 167 conquistadors, to do battle against 'an Inca army of perhaps eighty thousand warriors.' Amazingly, not merely did Pizarro meet the enemy, he destroyed it. First he captured Atahualpa, the venerated Inca emperor, then he marched on Cuzco, the Inca capital, 'the royal hub of the empire, a city that was purposely meant to display the ostentation of state power,' and captured it. He held onto Atahualpa as hostage but finally executed him — a decision he seems to have ever thereafter regretted — when some of his subordinates persuaded themselves, without foundation, that the emperor had somehow ordered an attack on the Spanish. The execution of Atahualpa, by all the evidence a good man who was, in the eyes of his people, 'the equivalent of the king, the pope, and Jesus Christ all rolled into one,' established the pattern that the Spanish subsequently followed. No Inca emperor was safe, nor was anyone in his family or retinue. Gonzalo Pizarro seized the beloved wife of Atahualpa's successor, Manco Inca, and took her for his own. Eventually Manco himself was murdered by Spaniards, and Tupac Amaru — the last of the emperors — was captured and executed. Though some in the Spanish community pleaded with the Pizarros and with the royal family in Spain for better treatment of the natives, the slaughter continued unabated. Whether it was genocide as the term is now understood is open to debate, but 'the marauding Spaniards made no distinction between men, women, and children' as the people of Peru were systematically slaughtered. The Incas did not go down without a fight. In the spring of 1536, Manco Inca organized 'a force of between 100,000 and 200,000 warriors — a stupendous feat of logistical organization' — and almost certainly would have vanquished the invaders had he not been at an insuperable technological advantage. The Spanish had at their disposal all the equipment and tactics of 16th-century European warfare, chief among them horses — 'animals that could carry a fully armored Spaniard and still outrun the fastest native' — 'steel helmets, armor, and chain mail,' and 'they could communicate much more efficiently through writing, thus being able to send and receive complex information between their often divided forces.' The Incas' weapons by contrast 'were designed for hand-to-hand combat with other similarly armed foot soldiers and consisted of an assortment of clubs' as well as the occasional bow and arrow. In time the Incas developed strategies for neutralizing horses and Spanish weaponry, but these came too late; whenever armed Spaniards on horseback waded into crowds of Inca soldiers, the results were foreordained and ghastly. The Spanish secured their hold on Peru after the execution of Tupac Amaru, in great measure because of the smart, stern regime of Francisco de Toledo, who later became viceroy. It is no small irony that the first indigenous Peruvian to hold the country's presidency — Alejandro Toledo — bears the same surname as the man who insured its subordination to Spanish leadership for more than four centuries. Elected in 2001, the later Toledo held office for five years and, in spite of numerous missteps, some of them spectacular, may have helped steer his country along the first steps away from oligarchy and toward genuine self-government. But make no mistake about it: The stamp of the conquistadors is everywhere evident in Peru, and the country still wrestles with their ambiguous legacy. Jonathan Yardley's e-mail address is yardleyj(at symbol)washpost.com." Reviewed by H.W. BrandsRon CharlesMarilynne RobinsonTahir ShahJonathan Yardley, Washington Post Book World (Copyright 2006 Washington Post Book World Service/Washington Post Writers Group)
(hide most of this review)Review: The Incas were members of the group of Quechuan peoples of Peru, who established an empire from northern Ecuador to central Chile before the Spanish conquest. MacQuarrie reminds his readers that nearly 500 years ago, 168 Spaniards arrived in what is now Peru and collided with an Incan empire of 10 million people. The author, who lived in Peru for five years, chronicles the adventures of Hiram Bingham, who, in 1911, discovered Machu Picchu and believed it was the Incan capital. MacQuarrie also recounts the search by Gene Savoy, the American explorer who found Vicabamba, the true capital. He describes the adventures of other conquistadors and puppet kings, the rebellion of 1535, and other military attempts to conquer the Indians. MacQuarrie, a four-time Emmy Award-winning filmmaker, researched Spanish and Incan chronicles. The result is a first-rate reference work of ambitious scope that will most likely stand as the definitive account of these people. George Cohen, Booklist Review: "This is a wonderful book about one of the most epic struggles of history, a conquest that transformed a continent." Wade Davis, Anthropologist and Explorer-in-Residence National Geographic Society, and author of One River Review: "A colorful, superbly crafted historical narrative that masterfully demonstrates that when cultures collide, unforeseen and tragic consequences follow.... also a memorable adventure story, revealing the modern Indiana Jones-type characters that unearthed, and continue to discover, lost parts of the Inca Empire. Last Days of the Incas is historical writing at its best." Broughton Coburn, author of Everest: Mountain Without Mercy Review: "The Last Days of the Incas surprises, delivers history, and reads like a great yarn. I've read yards of books on the Incas, but this one took me out of the classroom and into that long-lost world." Keith Bellows, Editor in Chief, National Geographic Traveler Review: "The story of the European conquest of the fascinating and fabulously rich empire of the Incas is one of history's most engaging and tragic episodes...Thanks to The Last Days of the Incas, Kim MacQuarrie's superbly written new treatment of the subject, it is now accessible to the much broader audience it deserves." Vincent Lee, author of Forgotten Vilcabamba Review: "A welcome addition to the literature...lively and dramatic."
Jonathan Yardley, The Washington Post Review: "Vivid...engergetic...fascinating...riveting."
Publisher’s Weekly, STARRED Review Review: "Thrillingly informative...narrative gold."
Entertainment Weekly Review: "Thoroughly and entertainingly recounted...MacQuarrie excels."
Forbes Magazine Synopsis: From Emmy-winning documentary filmmaker and author MacQuarrie comes a landmark history of the epic conquest of the mighty Inca Empire, and the decades-long insurgency the Incas waged against the Conquistadors. Twenty photos & maps. Table of Contents Contents Chronology of Events Preface 1. The Discovery 2. A Few Hundred Well-Armed Entrepreneurs 3. Supernova of the Andes 4. When Empires Collide 5. A Roomful of Gold 6. Requiem for a King 7. The Puppet King 8. Prelude to a Rebellion 9. The Great Rebellion 10. Death in the Andes 11. The Return of the One-Eyed Conqueror 12. In the Realm of the Antis 13. Vilcabamba: Guerrilla Capital of the World 14. The Last of the Pizarros 15. The Incas' Last Stand 16. The Search for the "Lost City" of the Incas 17. Vilcabamba Rediscovered Epilogue: Machu Picchu, Vilcabamba, and the Search for the Lost Cities of the Andes Acknowledgments Notes Bibliography Index
Product Details
- ISBN:
- 9780743260497
- Author:
- MacQuarrie, Kim
- Publisher:
- Simon & Schuster
- Subject:
- History
- Subject:
- Civilization
- Subject:
- South America
- Subject:
- Native American
- Subject:
- Peru
- Subject:
- Central America
- Subject:
- Latin America - South America
- Subject:
- Europe - Spain & Portugal
- Subject:
- Peru History Conquest, 1522-1548.
- Subject:
- Vilcabamba Site (Peru)
- Copyright:
- 2007
- Publication Date:
- May 2007
- Binding:
- Hardcover
- Grade Level:
- General/trade
- Language:
- English
- Illustrations:
- Y
- Pages:
- 522
- Dimensions:
- 9.25 x 6.125 in
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