Part I: Foundations

Chapter 1: Introduction: What Is Biological Anthropology?               

The Scope of Biological Anthropology               

                Paleoanthropology               

                Skeletal Biology and Human Osteology

                Paleopathology

                Forensic Anthropology 

                Primatology       

                Human Biology  

The Roots of Modern Biological Anthropology 

Anthropology and Its Other Subfields               

                Cultural Anthropology   

                Box 1.1 A Paradigm Split in Anthropology                  

                Archaeology                        

                Linguistic Anthropology                  

Biological Anthropology Today   

Chapter 2: Origins of Evolutionary Thought                               

What Is Science?            

The Early Thinkers                                

                The Roots of Modern Science 

                Linnaeus and the Natural Scheme of Life

The Road to the Darwinian Revolution 

                The Uniformitarianists: Hutton and Lyell                               

                The Darwinian Revolution                           

                The Galápagos                            

                Refining the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection  

                Box 2.1 Darwin versus Wallace? 

Response to Darwin

The Science and Creationism Question 

Box 2.2 What Is Intelligent Design?             

Part II: Mechanisms of Evolution

Chapter 3: Genetics: Cells and Molecules                     

                Genetics                

                The Study of Genetics                

                Genetic Metaphors: Blueprints, Recipes, or What?   

                The Cell               

                Cell Anatomy 

                Box 3.1 Cloning Controversies                             

                DNA Structure and Function  

                DNA Structure I: The Molecular Level               

                DNA Function I: Replication                           

                DNA Function II: Protein Synthesis                

                DNA Structure II: Chromosomes and Cell Division

                Box 3.2 Biochemical Individuality      

Molecular Tools for Bioanthropological Research                           

                Indirect Methods                

                Direct Sequencing Methods                                        

                PCR, Mitochondrial DNA, and Ancient DNA                      

Chapter 4: Genetics: From Genotype to Phenotype

From Genotype to Phenotype 

                The ABO Blood Type System     

                Obesity: A Complex Interaction

Mendelian Genetics                

                Mendel's Postulates                        

                Linkage and Crossing Over

Mutation                               

                Point Mutation and Sickle Cell Disease                 

                Trinucleotide Repeat Diseases                                         

                Mutations: Bad, Neutral, and Good                              

                X-Linked Disorders                 

                Mendelian Genetics in Humans

Genetics Beyond Mendel                 

                Box 4.1 State Fair Mendelism and the Eugenics Movement 

Polygenic Traits, the Phenotype, and the Environment                        

                Heritability and IQ Test Score Performance

Phenylketonuria: Illustrating Mendelian and Post-Mendelian Concepts 

                Genes and Environments                      

Chapter 5: The Force of Evolution and the Formation of Species 

How Evolution Works                   

                Where Does Variation Come From?                         

                How Natural Selection Works   

                Other Ways in Which Evolution Happens

Classification and Evolution                              

                Taxonomy and Speciation               

                What Is a Species?                            

                A Guide to Species Concepts               

                Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms                        

The Origin of Species: How Species Are Formed  

Box 5.1 What’s in a Name? Species Concepts, Genetics

and Conservation               

The Tempo of Speciation     

                Adaptation                          

                Is Everything Adaptive?               

                Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium        

Levels of Selection                               

                Inclusive Fitness               

Chapter 6: Human Variation: Evolution, Adaptation,

                      and Adaptability               

Human Variation at the Individual and Group Level               

                What Is a Population?               

Historical Perspectives on Human Variation               

                Recording Human Variation in Past Civilizations               

                The Monogenism–Polygenism Debate  

                The Race Concept in the Twentieth Century   

                Changing Attitudes toward Race in Anthropology                     

                Box 6.1 Traits in Folk Taxonomies               

Population Genetics                

                Polymorphisms: ABO and Other Blood Type Systems

                Gene Flow and Protein Polymorphisms                    

                Polymorphisms and Phylogenetic Studies

Polymorphisms and Natural Selection in Human Populations     

                The Evolution of Lactose Tolerance                           

                Balanced Polymorphisms: Sickle Cell and Other Conditions

Adaptation and Adaptability               

                Levels of Adaptability          

                Heat and Cold                     

                Box 6.2 Technology and Extreme Environments                

                Body Size and Shape                    

                Living at High Altitude                      

                Adaptability to Water               

Part III: Primates

Chapter 7: The Primates

The Primate Radiation                

                The Extraordinary Diversity of Nonhuman Primates

                What Exactly Is a Primate?

                Anatomical Traits               

                Life History Traits               

                Behavioral Traits

A Guide to the Nonhuman Primates

                The Strepsirhines             

Special Feature: Primates in the New World

The Haplorhines                         

                Box 7.1 The Rarest of the Rare                       

                The New World Monkeys                

                The Old World Monkeys               

                The Hominoids                            

                Box 7.2 The Impending Extinction of the Great Apes                           

Primate Ecology                  

                Diet                       

                The Cycles of a Tropical Forest               

                You Are What You Eat: Dietary and Digestive Strategies 

                Diet and Activity Budgets                

                Feeding Competition       

Primate Communities

Chapter 8: Primate Behavior               

Studying Primates

Why Are Nonhuman Primates Social? 

                The Paradox of Sociality                

                Types of Nonhuman Primate Societies         

                Box 8.1 The Infanticide Wars

The Evolution of Primate Social Behavior                    

                Social Behavior and Reproductive Asymmetry               

                Box 8.2 Are Chimpanzees from Mars and Bonobos from Venus?

                Male Reproductive Strategies                             

                Female Reproductive Strategies

Reconstructing the Evolution of Primate Societies                  

Part IV: The Fossil Record

Chapter 9: Fossils in Geological Context

with contributions from Monte L. McCrossin

How to Become a Fossil

The Importance of Context 

                Stratigraphy        

                The Geologic Time Scale      

                How Old Is It?                      

                Relative Dating Techniques

Special Feature: Key Changes in Evolution                           

                Calibrated Relative Dating Techniques               

                Box 9.1 The Piltdown Hoax                      

                Box 9.2 Dating Controversies                   

                Chronometric Dating Techniques              

The Earth in the Cenozoic                        

                Continents and Land Masses 

                How Cold Was It?               

                Overview of Climatic Changes during the Cenozoic

Chapter 10: Origin of Primates    

with contributions from Monte L. McCrossin

The Mesozoic and Beyond               

                Dawn of the Age of Mammals               

                The Crater of Doom: What Happened at the K–T Boundary?                           

After the Crater of Doom: Changes in the Paleocene                             

                Questionable Primates: The Plesiadapiforms               

                Why Primates?                              

Early Primates of the Eocene               

                Adapoids (Strepsirhine Ancestors)               

                Omomyoids (Haplorhine Ancestors)             

                Box 10.1 Subfossil Lemurs of Madagascar                    

                Continental Drift and Eocene Primates               

                Selective Pressures Favoring the Strepsirhine–Haplorhine

 Split                          

Evolution of Higher Primates               

                The First Monkeys?             

                New World Monkeys            

                Old World Monkeys              

                What Favored the Origin of Anthropoids?   

                The Earliest Apes                

                Selection Pressures and the Divergence of Monkeys and Apes 

                The Monkey's Tale: What Happened to Primate Diversity in the

                 Miocene?

Molecular Evolution in Primates

Special Feature: Primate Evolution                

                A Primate Molecular Phylogeny                            

                Molecular Phylogeny and Human Origins              

                Gene Function and Human Origins               

Chapter 11: Becoming Human: The Ape–Hominid Transition                             

Becoming a Biped

                Anatomical Changes

                Constructing the Bipedal Body Plan

                Locomotion of the Last Common Ancestor

                Why Bipeds?

                Box 11.1 Overheated Radiator

                Box 11.2 What Did Love have to Do with It?

The Transition to Human Behavior

                Primate Intelligence: Why Are Humans So Smart?

                What Made Humans Human?

Chapter 12: Early Hominids                              

Will You Know a Hominid When You See One?

                Box 12.1 A Rose by any Other Name: Hominids versus Hominins

The First Hominids?

                Sahelanthropus tchadensis (7.0–6.0 mya)

                Orrorin tugenensis (6.0 mya)

Ardipithecus ramidus (4.4 mya) and Ardipithecus kadabba

                (5.8–5.7 mya)

                Box 12.2 Treasures of the Afar Triangle

Australopithecus and Kin 

                Australopithecus anamensis (4.2–3.9 mya)

                Australopithecus afarensis (3.9–2.9 mya)

Special Feature: Early Hominid Evolution

                Australopithecus bahrelghazali (3.5–3.0 mya)

                Kenyanthropus platyops (3.5 mya)

                Australopithecus garhi (2.5 mya)

                Australopithecus africanus (3.5–<2.0 mya)

                The Robust Australopithecines (or Paranthropines)

Understanding the Australopithecine Radiation

                Cohabitation

                Tools and Intelligence

                Ancestors and Descendants

Questions for Future Paleoanthropologists

Chapter 13: Rise of the Genus Homo                    

Defining the Genus Homo

Earliest Genus Homo

                Early Tool Use

                Hunting and Scavenging

                Box 13.1 Understanding the Meat-eating Past through the Present

Who Is Homo erectus?

                Anatomical Features

                Homo erectus versus Homo ergaster

Homo Erectus around the World

Special Feature: The Genus Homo through Time

                African Origins

                The First African Diaspora: Republic of Georgia

                Dispersal into East Asia

                The Status of Homo erectus in Europe

The Lifeways of Homo Erectus

                Homo erectus and the Early Stone Age

                A Higher-Quality Diet: Homo erectus Subsistence

                Homo erectus Life History

                Homo erectus Leaves Africa

Chapter 14: Archaic Homo sapiens and Neandertals                          

Hominid Evolution in the Mid- to Late Pleistocene

                Defining Anatomically Modern Homo sapiens

Archaic Homo sapiens

                European Archaic Homo sapiens

                African Archaic Homo sapiens

                Asian Archaic Homo sapiens

Behavior of Archaic Homo sapiens

                Stone Tools

                Tools from Organic Materials

                Large Game Hunting

                Fire, Campsites, and Home Sites

The Neandertals

                Geographic and Temporal Distribution

                History of Neandertal Discovery

                Box 14.1 Neandertal Image Makeovers

                Neandertal Anatomy: Built for the Cold

                Growth and Development

                Health and Disease

                Neandertal DNA

Neandertal Behavior

                Material Culture

                Coping with Cold

                Hunting and Subsistence

                Cannibalism

                Burials

                Ritual and Symbolic Behavior

Phylogenetic and Taxonomic Issues: An Overview

Special Feature: Hominid Evolution in the Mid-to-Late Pleustocene

Chapter 15: The Emergence and Dispersal of Homo sapiens                      

The Emergence of Modern Humans

Models of Modern Human Origins

                Multiregional and Replacement Models

                Predictions of the Two Models

Anatomy and Distribution of Early Humans

                Africa

                Near East

                Europe

                Asia and Southeast Asia

                Australia

Box 15.1 The Little People of Flores

Archaeology of Modern Human Origins

                Stone and Other Tools

                Subsistence

                Settlement of the New World and Pacific Islands

                Symbolism

Molecular Genetics and Human Origins

                Mitochondrial DNA

                The Y Chromosome

                MRCAs for Nuclear Genes

                Box 15.2 The Genghis Khan Effect          

                Ancient DNA

Interpreting Models of Human Origins

                Paleontology and Archaeology

                Molecular Genetics

Part V: Biology and Behavior of Modern Humans

Chapter 16: Evolution of the Brain and Language - unique chapter             

Overview of the Brain

                Major Divisions of the Cerebrum

                Primary and Association Areas of the Cerebral Cortex

                Methods for Studying Brain Structure and Function

Issues in Hominid Brain Evolution

                Brain Size and Encephalization

                Brain Size and the Fossil Record

                Box 16.1 The Ten Percent Myth: Evolution and Energy

                Brain Reorganization