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Living Religionsby Mary Pat Fisher
Synopses & ReviewsPublisher Comments:Living Religions presents a highly readable and stimulating survey of the modern religious world though an emphasis on the personal consciousness of believers and their own accounts of their religion and relevance in contemporary life.
"Religion is not a museum piece. Religion is a vibrant force in the lives of many people around the world, and many religions are presently experiencing a renaissance." - Mary Pat Fisher, Preface to Living Religions
Along with a team of specialist consultants in each faith, and drawing on a wealth of scholarly research and firsthand source material, Mary Pat Fisher provides a fresh and challenging insight into the historical development and teachings of traditional faiths, indigenous religions, and new religious movements. She considers how the contemporary beliefs and practices of each of these traditions have evolved, and explores the changing nature of each religion; particularly the role of women, and the issues and controversies such as fundamentalism, violence, globalization, and interfaith initiatives. Synopsis:This package contains the following components:
-0205818951: MyReligionLab with Pearson eText -0205835856: Living Religions About the AuthorMary Pat Fisher writes about all religions, not only from academic research, but also from her experiences with religions around the world. Much of her knowledge comes from the unique interfaith community in India, Gobind Sadan, where she has lived since 1991. In addition to eight editions of Living Religions, she has written other textbooks about religions and also about art.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:
EIGHTH EDITION CONSULTANTS:
Table of ContentsBrief Table of Contents
Chapter 1. Religious Responses. Chapter 2. Indigenous Sacred Ways. Chapter 3. Hinduism. Chapter 4. Jainism. Chapter 5. Buddhism. Chapter 6. Daoism and Confucianism. Chapter 7. Shinto. Chapter 8. Judaism. Chapter 9. Christianity. Chapter 10. Islam. Chapter 11. Sikhism. Chapter 12. New Religious Movements. Chapter 13. Religion in the Twenty-First Century.
Glossary. Index. Timeline.
Complete Table of Contents
Preface ix Teaching and learning resources xiii MAP Religions of the World Today xiv TIMELINE xvi
Chapter 1
RELIGIOUS RESPONSES 1 Why are there religions? 3 — Materialistic perspective: humans invented religion 3 — Functional perspective: religion is useful 4 — Belief perspective: Ultimate Reality exists 7 Understandings of Sacred Reality 10 EXCLUSIVISM VS. UNIVERSALISM A letter from I. H. Azad Faruqi 12 Ritual, symbol, and myth 14 TEACHING STORY Descendants of the Eagle 17 Absolutist and liberal interpretations 18 BOX Angels Weep 19 The encounter between science and religion 20 RELIGION IN PRACTICE When Science Approaches Religion 25 Women in religions 26 Negative aspects of organized religions 28 Suggested reading 29 Key terms 31 Review questions 32 Discussion questions 32 MyReligionLab 32
CHAPTER 2
INDIGENOUS SACRED WAYS 33 Understanding indigenous sacred ways 34 MAP Distribution of Indigenous Groups 34 Cultural diversity 38 The circle of right relationships 39 — Relationships with spirit 40 YORUBA TEACHING STORY Osun and the Power of Woman 43 — Kinship with all creation 43 — Relationships with power 48 Spiritual specialists 50 — Storytellers and other sacred roles 50 — Mystical intermediaries 53 LIVING INDIGENOUS SACRED WAYS An Interview with Nadezhda Ananyevna Stepanova 55 Group observances 56 RELIGION IN PRACTICE The Sun Dance Way of Self-Sacrifice 58 — Individual observances 61 Contemporary issues 62 RELIGION IN PRACTICE The Orang Asli of Malaysia: Traditions being Lost 64 RELIGION IN PUBLIC LIFE Winona LaDuke 68 Suggested reading 70 Key terms 71 Review questions 72 Discussion questions 72 MyReligionLab 72
Chapter 3
HINDUISM 73 Philosophical and metaphysical origins 74 — The Indus Valley Civilization 74 MAP The Indian Subcontinent 75 TIMELINE Hinduism 76 — The Vedas 77 Major philosophical systems 80 — Samkhya 80 — Advaita Vedanta 81 — Yoga 81 Religious foundations and theistic paths 85 — Shaktas 86 — Shaivites 88 — Vaishnavites 90 — The epics and Puranas 91 TEACHING STORY Hanuman, the Monkey Chief 94 The Hindu way of life 97 — Rituals 97 — Castes, duties, and life goals 99 — Life stages 100 RELIGION IN PRACTICE Sacred Thread Ceremony 101 — The guru 102 — Women’s duties 103 — Fasts, prayers, and auspicious designs 103 — Reverence of trees and rivers 104 LIVING HINDUISM An Interview with Somjit Dasgupta 105 — Pilgrimages 106 — Festivals 107 RELIGION IN PRACTICE Holi 108 Hinduism in the modern world 111 — Modern movements 111 — Global Hinduism 112 RELIGION IN PRACTICE Dharmic Principles: The Swadhyaya Movement 113 RELIGION IN PUBLIC LIFE Dr. Karan Singh 116 — Hindu identity 117 Suggested reading 118 Key terms 119 Review questions 120 Discussion questions 120 MyReligionLab 120
Chapter 4
JAINISM 121 The Tirthankaras and ascetic orders 121 Freeing the soul: the ethical pillars 123 — Karma 123 TEACHING STORY The Story of Bahubali 124 — Ahimsa 125 RELIGION IN PRACTICE Jain Purification 127 — Aparigraha 127 — Anekantwad 128 Spiritual practices 128 Festivals and pilgrimages 130 LIVING JAINISM An Interview with M. P. Jain 131 World Jainism 132 Suggested reading 133 Key terms 134 Review questions 134 Discussion questions 134 MyReligionLab 134
Chapter 5
BUDDHISM 135 The life and legend of the Buddha 135 TIMELINE Buddhism 137 The Dharma 141 — The Four Noble Truths 142 — The Noble Eightfold Path to liberation 143 — The wheel of birth and death 144 TEACHING STORY The Great Ape Jataka Tale 146 — Nirvana 147 Branches of Buddhism 148 MAP The Spread of Buddhism 149 — Theravada: the path of mindfulness 149 — Mahayana: the path of compassion and wisdom 156 MAP Distribution of Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism 157 — Chan and Zen: the great way of enlightenment 160 CHART Major Branches of Buddhism 160 RELIGION IN PRACTICE Zen Oxherding Pictures 162 — Pure Land: devotion to Amitabha Buddha 164 — Nichiren: salvation through the Lotus Sutra 164 — Vajrayana: the indestructible path 166 RELIGION IN PUBLIC LIFE His Holiness the Dalai Lama 169 — Festivals 170 Buddhism in the West 171 RELIGION IN PRACTICE Life in a Western Zen Monastery 172 LIVING BUDDHISM An Interview with Karma Lekshe Tsomo 176 Socially engaged Buddhism 177 Suggested reading 181 Key terms 182 Review questions 183 Discussion questions 183 MyReligionLab 183
Chapter 6
DAOISM AND CONFUCIANISM 184 Ancient traditions 184 — Worship and divination 185 MAP Historic Sites of Daoism and Confucianism 185 — Cosmic balance 187 TIMELINE Daoism and Confucianism 188 Daoism—the way of nature and immortality 189 — Teaching of Daoist sages 190 TEACHING STORY Three in the Morning 192 — Popular religion and organized Daoism 194 — Inner alchemy 195 — Daoist sects 196 RELIGION IN PRACTICE The Lantern Festival 198 — Daoism today 199 Confucianism—the practice of virtue 203 — Master Kong’s life 204 — The Confucian virtues 205 — Divergent followers of Confucius 206 — The state cult 207 — Neo-Confucianism 208 — Confucianism under communism 209 LIVING CONFUCIANISM An Interview with Ann-ping Chin 212 — Confucianism in East Asia 213 Suggested reading 214 Key terms 216 Review questions 216 Discussion questions 216 MyReligionLab 216
Chapter 7
SHINTO 217 The roots of “Shinto” 217 — Kinship with nature 218 — Honoring the kami 219 — Shrines 220 MAP Major Shinto Shrines 221 TEACHING STORY Amaterasu comes out of the cave 222 — Ceremonies and festivals 223 — Purification 225 RELIGION IN PRACTICE Purification by Waterfall 226 Buddhist and Confucian influences 227 State Shinto 228 “Sect Shinto” 229 Shinto today 230 LIVING SHINTO An Interview with Hitoshi Iwasaki 232 Suggested reading 233 Key terms 234 Review questions 234 Discussion questions 234 MyReligionLab 234 ZOROASTRIANISM 235
Chapter 8
JUDAISM 239 A history of the Jewish people 239 TIMELINE Judaism 240 — Biblical stories 241 MAP The Early Israelites 243 TEACHING STORY Abraham’s Willingness to Sacrifice Isaac 245 BOX The Ten Commandments 248 — Return to Jerusalem 251 — Rabbinic Judaism 255 — Judaism in the Middle Ages 259 — Kabbalah and Hasidism 262 — Judaism and modernity 264 — The Holocaust 266 MAP Jewish Populations and the Holocaust 269 — Zionism and contemporary Israel 269 Torah 273 — The one God 273 — Love for God 274 — The sacredness of human life 275 — Law 275 LIVING JUDAISM An Interview with Eli Epstein 276 — Suffering and faith 277 Sacred practices 278 Holy days 282 RELIGION IN PRACTICE Passover Innovations 285 Contemporary Judaism 286 — Major branches today 286 CHART Major Branches of Judaism Today 287 RELIGION IN PUBLIC LIFE Rabbi David Saperstein 288 — Jewish feminism 291 — Jewish renewal 293 Suggested reading 294 Key terms 296 Review questions 297 Discussion questions 297 MyReligionLab 297
Chapter 9
CHRISTIANITY 298 Historical evidence 298 Evidence of the Bible 299 The life and teachings of Jesus 301 — Birth 301 — Preparation 302 — Ministry 304 MAP Jesus’ Ministry 304 LIVING CHRISTIANITY An Interview with David Vandiver 307 TEACHING STORY The Good Samaritan 308 — Challenges to the authorities 310 TIMELINE Christianity 311 — Crucifixion 313 — Resurrection and Ascension 316 BOX Books of the New Testament 317 The early Church 318 — From persecution to empire 318 MAP St. Paul’s Missionary Journeys 320 — Evolving organization and theology 322 — Early monasticism 325 Church administration 326 MAP Distribution of Christians Today 326 — East–West division 327 — Social chaos and the papacy 329 Intellectual revival and monasticism 330 Medieval mysticism 331 RELIGION IN PRACTICE Russian Orthodox Kenoticism 333 The Protestant Reformation 334 CHART Major Divisions of Christianity Today 335 The Roman Catholic Reformation 339 Liberal trends 340 The Second Vatican Council 341 The Orthodox world today 342 BOX Eastern Orthodox Church 343 — The Russian Orthodox Church 344 — Distinctive features of Orthodox spirituality 345 Central beliefs in contemporary Christianity 347 Sacred practices 349 — Worship services and sacraments 349 — The liturgical year 352 — Contemplative prayer 355 — Devotion to Mary 357 — Veneration of saints and angels 359 Contemporary trends 360 — Evangelicalism 363 — Spirit-oriented movements 365 — The great reversal 368 — Liberation theology 370 RELIGION IN PUBLIC LIFE Archbishop Desmond M. Tutu 371 — Feminist theology 373 — Creation-centered Christianity 375 — Ecumenical movement 375 Suggested reading 377 Key terms 378 Review questions 379 Discussion questions 379 MyReligionLab 380
Chapter 10
ISLAM 381 Pre-Islamic Arabia 381 TIMELINE Islam 382 The Prophet Muhammad 383 The Qur’an 388 The central teachings 391 — The Oneness of God and of humanity 391 — Prophethood and the compass of Islam 392 — Human relationship to the divine 393 — The unseen life 394 — The Last Judgment 394 The Five Pillars 396 — Belief and witness 396 — Daily prayers 397 RELIGION IN PRACTICE Salaat 398 — Zakat 399 — Fasting 399 — Hajj 400 LIVING ISLAM An Interview with Dr. Syed M. Hussain 401 Sunni and Shi’a 404 — Sunnis 404 — Shi’a 406 Sufism 407 The spread of Islam 411 MAP The spread of Islam 411 TEACHING STORY Transformation by Islam 412 — Islamic culture 413 — Eastward expansion 415 Relationships with the West 418 — Islam in the West 420 Muslim resurgence 421 — Tradition and modern life 423 — Outreach and education 424 RELIGION IN PUBLIC LIFE Shirin Ebadi 425 — Islam in politics 427 — Islam for the future 435 Suggested reading 436 Key terms 438 Review questions 438 Discussion questions 439 MyReligionLab 439
Chapter 11
SIKHISM 440 The sant tradition 440 Guru Nanak 441 TIMELINE Sikhism 443 The succession of Gurus 444 TEACHING STORY Guru Arjun Dev’s Devotion 445 Central beliefs 450 LIVING SIKHISM An Interview with Inderpreet Kaur 451 Sacred practices 453 RELIGION IN PUBLIC LIFE His Holiness Baba Virsa Singh 456 Sikhism today 457 RELIGION IN PRACTICE Amrit Ceremony on Baisakhi 458 MAP The Punjab 459 Suggested reading 463 Key terms 463 Review questions 464 Discussion questions 464 MyReligionLab 464
Chapter 12
NEW RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS 465 Social context of new religious movements 465 Charismatic leadership 468 — Unification Movement 468 — Sathya Sai Baba 470 Offshoots of older religions 471 — Mormon Church 471 — Jehovah’s Witnesses 473 — Radhasoami 475 LIVING TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION An Interview with Wolfgang Hecker 476 Combinations of older religions 477 — Caodaism 477 — African-inspired syncretic religions 478 — Theosophical Society 480 — Baha’i 482 RELIGION IN PRACTICE The Baha’i Model for Governance of the World 483 Social trends 484 — Ethnic identity: Rastafari 484 — Nature spirituality 486 — New Age spirituality 491 Opposition to new religious movements 494 Will new religious movements last? 497 Suggested reading 497 Key terms 499 Review questions 499 Discussion questions 499 MyReligionLab 499
Chapter 13
RELIGION IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY 500 Globalization 500 Secularism 501 Religious pluralism 502 — Hardening of religious boundaries 503 — Religion after 11 September 505 Religion in politics 507 RELIGION IN PRACTICE Excerpts from Obama’s Historic Cairo Speech 509 Interfaith movement 510 — Responses to other faiths 511 — Interfaith initiatives 513 Religion and social issues 517 RELIGION IN PUBLIC LIFE Jimmy Carter 518 Religion and materialism 522 Religion and the future of humanity 523 Suggested reading 524 Key terms 525 Review questions 525 Discussion questions 525 MyReligionLab 525
Notes 527 Glossary 540 Index 549 Credits 558
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