Introduction To Geography (5TH 11 Edition)

In today’s world, what happens in places depends more and more on what happens among places. Introduction to Geography: People, Places, and Environment, Fifth Editio n demonstrates that fact—and shows that we can understand mapped patterns only if we recognize the movement that creates and continuously rearranges those patterns. The authors discuss what happens in one set of geographic processes and how that process affects others. For example, what happens in economic systems affects environmental conditions; what happens to climate affects political dynamics. This text will introduce you to the major tools, techniques, and methodological approaches of the discipline of geography.

This package contains the following components:

-0321695313: Introduction to Geography: People, Places, and Environment

-0321652002: Goode's World Atlas

Carl T. Dahlman earned degrees in sociology, music, and urban affairs before receiving his Ph.D. in geography from the University of Kentucky in 2001. He is an Associate Professor of Geography at Miami University where his teaching focuses on political geography, migration and mobility, and globalization. His current research includes the role of European integration in the geopolitics of Southeastern Europe. He enjoys photography and hunting for fossils with his son.

William H. Renwick earned a B.A. from Rhode Island College in 1973 and a Ph.D. in geography from Clark University in 1979. He has taught at the University of California, Los Angeles, and Rutgers University, and is currently Associate Professor of Geography at Miami University. A physical geographer with interests in geomorphology and environmental issues, his research focuses on impacts of land-use change on rivers and lakes, particularly in agricultural landscapes in the Midwest. When time permits, he studies these environments from the seat of a wooden canoe.

Edward F. Bergman was born in Wisconsin and received a BA from the University of Wisconsin, an M.A. and Ph.D. from the University of Washington. He taught at the City University of New York and widely in Europe, South America and South Africa. Now retired as a professor emeritus, he still travels and occasionally lectures and advises museums on the writing of labels for exhibits.

1.    Introduction to Geography: A Look Ahead

1.1    What is Geography?

1.1.1 The Development of Geography

1.2    Contemporary Approaches in Geography

1.2.1    Area Analysis

1.2.2    Spatial Analysis

1.2.3    Geographic Systems Analysis

1.2.4    Human-Environmental Interaction

1.3    Describing Earth

1.3.1    The Geographic Grid

1.3.2    Communicating Geographic Information: Maps

1.3.3    Geographic Information Technology

1.3.4    GIS: A Type of Database Software

1.3.5    Integration of Information Technologies

Connections: Thematic Mapping

Connections: Online Mapping

2.    Weather and Climate

2.1    Energy and Weather

2.1.1    Incoming Solar Radiation

2.1.2    Storage of Heat in Land and Water

2.1.3    Heat Transfer Between the Atmosphere and Earth

2.1.4    Heat Exchange and Atmospheric Circulation

2.2    Precipitation

2.2.1    Condensation

2.2.2    Causes of Precipitation

2.3    Circulation patterns

2.3.1    Pressure and Winds

2.3.2    Global Atmospheric Circulation

2.3.3    Seasonal Variations in Global Circulation

2.3.4    Ocean Circulation Patterns

2.3.5    Storms: Regional-Scale Circulation Patterns

2.3.6    A Snapshot of Global Circulation and Weather

2.4    Climate

2.4.1    Air Temperature

2.4.2    Precipitation

2.5    Classifying Climate

2.6    Earth’s Climate Regions

2.6.1    Humid Low-Latitude Tropical Climates

2.6.2    Dry Climates

2.6.3    Warm Midlatitude Climates

2.6.4    Cold Midlatitude Climates

2.6.5    Polar Climates

2.7    Climate Change

2.7.1    Climatic Change Over Geologic Time

2.7.2    Possible Causes of Climatic Variation

2.7.3    Global Warming

Connections:  Climates in Urban Areas

Global and Local:  El Nino/ La Nina

Rapid change: Assessment of Global Warming and Its Impacts

3.    Landforms

3.1    Plate Tectonics

3.1.1    Earth’s Moving Crust

3.1.2    Types of Boundaries Between Plates

3.1.3    Rock Formation

3.2    Slopes and Streams

3.2.1    Weathering

3.2.2    Moving Weathered Material

3.3    Ice, Wind and Waves

3.3.1    Glaciers

3.3.2    Impact of Past Glaciations

3.3.3    Effects of Wind on Landforms

3.3.4    Coastal Erosion

3.4    The Dynamic Earth

3.4.1    Rates of Landform Change

3.4.2    Environmental Hazards

Global and Local:  New Orleans: Rising Sea level, Hurricanes and Coastal Vulnerability

Connections:  Wealth and Natural Hazards

4.    Biogeochemical Cycles and the Biosphere

4.1    Biogeochemical Cycles

4.1.1    The Hydrologic Cycle

4.1.2    Water Budgets

4.1.3    Vegetation and the Hydrologic Cycle

4.2    Carbon, Oxygen and Nutrient Flows in the Biosphere

4.2.1    The Carbon and Oxygen Cycles

4.2.2    The Global Carbon Budget

4.2.3    Managing the carbon cycle

4.2.4    Deforestation, reforestation, and carbon offsets

4.3    Soil

4.3.1    Soil Formation

4.3.2    Soil Horizons

4.3.3    Thousands of Soils

4.3.4    Climate, Vegetation, Soil and the Landscape

4.3.5    Soil Problems

4.3.6    Soil Fertility: Natural and Synthetic

4.4    Ecosystems

4.4.1    Ecosystem Processes

4.4.2    Biodiversity

4.5    Biomes: Global Patterns in the Biosphere

4.5.1    Forest Biomes

4.5.2    Savanna, Scrubland, and Open Woodland Biomes

4.5.3    Midlatitude Grassland Biome

4.5.4    Desert Biome

4.5.5    Tundra Biome

4.5.6    Natural and Human Effects on the Biosphere

Global and Local: Carbon Emission Offsets

Connections: Geography, Geographic Information Systems and the Global Carbon Budget

Connections:  Human-Dominated Systems

Connections: Fire and Forest Management in the Western United States

5.    Population and Migration

5.1    The Distribution and Density of Human Settlement

5.1.1    Population Density

5.2    World Population Dynamics

5.2.1    Population Projections

5.2.2    Regional Variation in Population Growth

5.2.3    The Age Structure of the Population

5.2.4    The Demographic Transition

5.2.5    Factors Affecting Fertility Rates

5.2.6    Changes in World Death Rates

5.2.7    Is Earth Overpopulated?

5.3    Other Significant Demographic Patterns

5.3.1    Sex Ratios in National Populations

5.3.2    The Aging Human Population

5.4    Migration

5.4.1    Prehistoric Human Migrations

5.4.2    The Migrations of Peoples Since 1500

5.5    Migration Today

5.5.1    Forced Migration

5.5.2    The Impact of International Migration

5.5.3    Migration to Europe

5.5.4    Migrations of Asians

5.5.5    Migrations to the United States and Canada

5.6    Effects of Emigration

Connections: Environmental Disturbance and Disease

Rapid change: Demographic Collapse

Connections: The Economics of Aging

Global and Local: The East-West Exchange of Disease

Connections: Race, Culture, and the U.S. Census

6.    Cultural Geography

6.1    Cultural Evolution Contrasts with Cultural Diffusion

6.1.1    Theories of Cultural Evolution

6.1.2    Cultures and Environments

6.1.3    Cultural Diffusion

6.2    Identity and Behavioral Geography

6.2.1    Grouping Humans by Race, Ethnicity, and Gender

6.2.2    Behavioral Geography

6.3    Culture Regions

6.3.1    Visible Clues to Culture Areas

6.3.2    Forces that stabilize the pattern of culture regions

6.3.3    Trade and Cultural Diffusion

6.3.4    World Trade and Cultural Diffusion Today

6.3.5    The Acceleration of Diffusion

6.3.6    The Challenge of Change

6.4    The Global Diffusion of European Culture

6.4.1    Europe’s Voyages of Contact

6.4.2    Economic Growth Increased Europe’s Power

6.4.3    Cultural Imperialism

6.4.4    Westernization Today

6.4.5    America’s Role

6.5    Cultural Preservation and Hybridity

Global and Local: Lahic

Rapid Change: Who Killed the Record Store?

Global and Local: Sworn Virgins of the Balkans

Connections: Is Latin America a Region? How Did It Get Its Name?

Global and Local: The Diffusion of News

7.    The Geography of Languages and Religions

7.1    Defining Languages and Language Regions

7.1.1    Linguistic Geography

7.1.2    The World’s Major Languages

7.2    The Development and Diffusion of Languages

7.2.1    The Indo-European Language Family

7.2.2    Other Language Families

7.2.3    The Geography of Writing

7.2.4    Toponymy: Language on the Landscape

7.3    Linguistic Differentiation in the Modern World

7.3.1    National Languages

7.4    The Teachings, Origin, and Diffusion of the World’s Major Religions

7.4.1    Judaism

7.4.2    Christianity

7.4.3    Islam

7.4.4    Hinduism and Sikhism

7.4.5    Buddhism

7.4.6    Other Eastern Religions

7.4.7    Animism and Shamanism

7.5    The Political and Social Impact of the Geography of Religion

7.5.1    Religion and politics

7.5.2    Indirect Religious Influences on Government

7.5.3    Religion and Dietary Habits

7.5.4    Religion and Economics

7.5.5    Religions, Science, and the Environment

Rapid Change: The Rise of English

Global and Local: Language in New States

Connections: Religious Fundamentalism and Political Terrorism

Connections: Liberation Theology

Connections: Religious Tensions on the Indian Subcontinent

8.    The Human Food Supply

8.1    Food Supplies Over the Past 200 Years

8.1.1    New Crops and Cropland

8.1.2    Transportation and Storage

8.1.3    Other Technological Advances

8.1.4    The Green Revolution

8.2    Agriculture Today

8.2.1    Subsistence Farming Contrasts with Commercial Farming

8.2.2    Types of Agriculture

8.2.3    What Determines Agricultural Productivity?

8.3    Livestock Around the World

8.3.1    The Direct and Indirect Consumption of Grain

8.3.2    Problems Associated with Animal Production

8.3.3    Dairy Farming and the Principle of Value Added

8.4    Aquatic Food Supplies

8.4.1    Traditional Fisheries

8.4.2    Modern Fishing

8.5    Hunger and Food Security

8.5.1    Problems in Increasing Food Production

8.5.2    Rich Countries Subsidize Production and Export of Food

8.5.3    Why Do Some Rich Countries Subsidize Agriculture?

8.6    Food Supplies in the Future

8.6.1    The Importance of Crop Diversity

8.6.2    The Scientific Revolution in Agriculture Continues

8.6.3    Resistance to Biotechnology

8.6.4    Climate Change and Food Security

8.6.5    Sustainable Agriculture

Connections: The Economic Geography of Food and Land: Von Thünen’s “Isolated City” Model

Global and local: New Uses for Old Crops

Rapid Change: Goodbye to the Banana?

Connections: Soybeans in Brazil

9.    Earth’s Resources and Environmental Protection

9.1    What is a Natural Resource?

9.1.1    Characteristics of Resources

9.1.2    Substitutability

9.1.3    Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources

9.2    Geologic and Energy Resources

9.2.1    Mineral Resources

9.2.2    Variations in Mineral Use

9.2.3    Depletion and Substitution

9.2.4    Disposal and Recycling of Solid Waste

9.2.5    Energy Resources

9.2.6    Energy from Fossil Fuels

9.2.7    Nuclear and Renewable Energy Resources

9.3    Air and Water Resources

9.3.1    Air Pollution

9.3.2    Water Resources

9.3.3    Water Pollution

9.3.4    Reducing Air and Water Pollution

9.4    Forests

9.4.1    Forests as Fiber Resources

9.4.2    Other Important Forest Uses

9.4.3    Balancing Competing Interests

Rapid Change:  Peak Oil

Connections:  Meat Production and Water Pollution    

10.    Cities and Urbanization

10.1    Urban Functions

10.1.1    The Three Sectors of an Economy

10.1.2    The Economic Bases of Cities

10.2    The Locations of Cities

10.2.1    Central Place Theory

10.2.2    Urban Hierarchies

10.2.3    The Patterns of Urban Hierarchies

10.3    World Urbanization

10.3.1    The Rise of Urbanized Societies

10.3.2    Urbanization Today

10.3.3    Government Policies to Reduce the Pull of Urban Life

10.3.4    Improving Rural Life

10.3.5    The Economic Vitality of Cities

10.4    The Internal Geography of Cities

10.4.1    Economic Forces

10.4.2    Social Factors in Residential Clustering

10.4.3    Government’s Role

10.4.4    Other Urban Models in Diverse Cultures

10.5    Cities and Suburbs in the United States

10.5.1    The Growth of Suburbs

10.5.2    The Social Costs of Suburbs

10.5.3    Suburbs as Sites of Change

10.5.4    Developments in the Central City

10.5.5    Efforts to Redistribute Jobs and Housing

10.5.6    Governing Metropolitan Regions

10.6    Cities and the Environment

Rapid Change: Urbanizing China

Connections: Public Space and Private Property

Rapid Change: Controlling Sprawl in Metropolitan Portland, Oregon

11.    A World of States

11.1    The Development of the Nation-State Idea

11.1.1    The Idea of the Nation

11.1.2    The Nation-State Idea

11.1.3    The European Nation-States

11.1.4    The Collapse of Empires

11.1.5    British Empire to Commonwealth

11.1.6    The French Empire

11.1.7    The Successor States of the Ottoman Empire

11.2    A Changing World Political Map

11.2.1    Centripetal Forces

11.2.2    Centrifugal Forces

11.2.3    Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide

11.3    The Internal Organization of States

11.3.1    Types of Regimes

11.3.2    The Shapes of States

11.3.3    International Borders

11.3.4    Territorial Subdivision and Systems of Representation

11.3.5    Districting and Redistricting

11.3.6    Individual Rights and Freedoms

11.4    Relations Among States

11.4.1    Patterns of Cooperation

11.4.2    Geographies of Conflict

11.4.3    Jurisdiction over Earth’s Open Spaces

11.4.4    Globalization’s Challenge

Rapid Change: Geopolitics

Connections: Nigeria

Rapid Change: Continuous Redistricting and Gerrymandering in the United States

Global and Local: U.S. Border Security

12.    Paths to Economic Growth

12.1    Analyzing and Comparing Countries’ Economies

12.1.1    Measures of Gross Product and Their Limitations

12.1.2    Gross Domestic Product and the environment

12.1.3    The Gross National Product and the Quality of Life

12.1.4    Preindustrial, Industrial, and Postindustrial Societies

12.1.5    Why Some Countries Are Rich and Some Countries Are Poor

12.2    The Geography of Manufacturing

12.2.1    Locational Determinants for Manufacturing Today

12.2.2    Locational Determinants Migrate

12.2.3    Manufacturing in the United States

12.2.4    The Economy of Japan

12.2.5    Technology and the Future Geography of Manufacturing

12.3    National Economic-Geographic Policies

12.3.1    Political Economy

12.3.2    Wealth Variations within States

12.3.3    How Do Governments Distribute Economic Activities?

12.3.4    National Transportation Infrastructures

12.4    National Trade Policies

12.4.1    The Import-Substitution Method of Growth

12.4.2    Export-Led Economic Growth

12.5    The Formation of the Global Economy

12.5.1    Transnational Investment and Production

12.5.2    The International Tertiary Sector

12.5.3    The Geography of Foreign Direct Investment

12.5.4    The Globalization of Finance and Risk

12.5.5    International Regulation of the Global Economy

Rapid Change: Recession and the Crisis for U.S. Automakers

Connections: Socks and Politics

Global and Local: India’s New Roads

Global and Local: Tourism

Rapid Change: The Financial Crisis

Rapid Change: The Rise of the BRIC and the G-20

13.    Global Challenges and the Scale of Response

13.1    Protecting the Global Environment

13.1.1    Energy Consumption

13.1.2    Energy Efficiency Trends

13.1.3    Development, Pollution and the Quality of Life

13.1.4    International Equity in Environmental Management

13.2 Global Security and Human Rights

13.2.1 Interests Versus Principles

13.2.2 Human Rights and National Sovereignty

13.2.3 Humanitarian Intervention

13.2.4 Kosovo and Iraq: Signs of the Times?

13.2    Regional Cooperation

13.2.1    European Integration

13.2.2    NAFTA and the Americas

13.2.3    Expanding Western Hemisphere Free Trade

13.2.4    Other Forms of Regional Cooperation

13.3 Human Development

13.3.1 Measuring Development

13.3.2 The Role of the Environment

13.3.3. Millennium Development Goals

13.4 Geography and Thinking Globally

Connections: Water Privatization

Connections: Malaria and DDT

Global and Local: Living with Landmines

Connections: The Importance of Water for Human Development