Handbook of Agricultural Entomology. Helmut Van Emden

Handbook of Agricultural Entomology by Helmut van Emden is a landmark publication for students and practitioners of entomology applied to agriculture and horticulture. It can be used as a reference and as a general textbook.

The book opens with a general introduction to entomology and includes coverage of the major insects (and mites) that cause harm to crops, livestock and humans. The important beneficial species are also included. Organisms are described in a classification of insect Orders and Families. The emphasis is on morphological characters of major taxonomic divisions, “spot characters” for the recognition of Families, and the life histories, damage symptoms and economic importance of the various pest species.

The book is beautifully illustrated in full colour with more than 400 figures showing both the organisms and the damage caused to plants with diagnostic characters indicated by arrows.
Coverage is world-wide and includes much material stemming from the vast personal experience of the author.

H. F. VAN EMDEN is an internationally respected entomologist who in the UK has been President of both the Royal Entomological Society and the Association of Applied Biologists. He is currently Emeritus Professor of Horticulture in the School of Agriculture, Policy and Development at the University of Reading, UK, where for 35 years he has taught entomology at Masters level to international students of Crop Protection. He has taught and carried out research on applied entomology in six continents.

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Preface

Acknowledgements

1 The world of insects

1.1 The diversity of insects

1.2 The impact of insects on us

1.3 The impact we have on insects

1.3.1 World distribution

1.3.2 Climate change

1.3.3 Land management practices

1.4 Exploitation of insects

1.5 Other uses humans make of insects

1.6 Insect classification

2 External features of insects – structure and function

2.1 Introduction

2.2 The exoskeleton

2.3 The basic body plan of the insect

2.4 The head

2.4.1 Sense organs

2.4.1.1 Antennae

2.4.1.2 Ocelli

2.4.1.3 Compound eyes

2.4.2 Basic structure of the mouthparts

2.4.2.1 Mandibles

2.4.2.2 Maxillae

2.4.2.3 Labium

2.5 The thorax

2.5.1 Thoracic sclerites

2.5.2 Legs

2.5.3 Wings

2.5.4 Spiracles

2.6 The abdomen

2.6.1 Abdominal sclerites

2.6.2 Appendages

2.6.3 Genitalia

2.6.4 Spiracles

3 The major divisions of the Insecta

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Class Insecta, Subclass Apterygota or Phylum Arthropoda, Class Entognatha

3.3 Subclass Pterygota

3.3.1 Division Exopterygota

3.3.1.1 Palaeopteran Orders (example: dragonflies)

3.3.1.2 Orthopteroid Orders (example: grasshoppers)

3.3.1.3 Hemipteroid Orders (example: plant bugs)

3.3.2 Division Endopterygota

4 Subclass Apterygota

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Order Diplura (two-pronged bristle-tails)

4.3 Order Protura

4.4 Order Thysanura (silverfi sh)

4.5 Order Collembola (springtails)

4.5.1 Suborder Arthropleona

4.5.2 Suborder Symphypleona

5 Subclass Pterygota, Division Exopterygota, Palaeopteran Orders

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Order Ephemeroptera (mayflies)

5.3 Order Odonata (dragonflies)

5.3.1 Suborder Zygoptera (damselflies)

5.3.2 Suborder Anisoptera (dragonflies)

6 Subclass Pterygota, Division Exopterygota, Orthopteroid Orders

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Order Plecoptera (stoneflies)

6.3 Order Grylloblattodea

6.4 Order Mantophasmatodea (gladiators or heelwalkers)

6.5 Order Zoraptera (angel insects)

6.6 Order Orthoptera (grasshoppers and crickets)

6.6.1 Suborder Ensifera

6.6.1.1 Superfamily Tettigonioidea (long-horned grasshoppers) – the main Family is the Tettigoniidae

6.6.1.2 Superfamily Grylloidea (crickets) – the main Family is the Gryllidae

6.6.2 Suborder Caelifera

6.6.2.1 Superfamily Acridoidea (short-horned grasshoppers) – the main Family is the Acrididae

6.7 Order Phasmida (stick and leaf insects)

6.8 Order Dermaptera (earwigs)

6.9 Order Embioptera (web spinners)

6.10 Order Dictyoptera (cockroaches and mantids)

6.10.1 Suborder Blattaria (cockroaches)

6.10.2 Suborder Mantodea (mantids)

6.11 Order Isoptera (termites)

6.11.1 Family Kalotermitidae (dry-wood termites)

6.11.2 Family Hodotermitidae

6.11.3 Family Rhinotermitidae (wet-wood termites)

6.11.4 Family Termitidae (mound-building termites)

7 Subclass Pterygota, Division Exopterygota, Hemipteroid Orders

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Order Psocoptera (booklice)

7.3 Order Mallophaga (biting lice)

7.4 Order Anoplura (= Siphunculata) (sucking lice)

7.5 Order Hemiptera (true bugs)

7.5.1 Suborder Heteroptera (land and water bugs)

7.5.1.1 Series Cryptocerata (water bugs) 

Water boatmen (Families Notonectidae and Corixidae) 

Water scorpions and allies (Family Nepidae)

7.5.1.2 Series Gymnocerata

Pond skaters (Families Gerridae and Veliidae)

Family Miridae (mirids or capsids)

Family Lygaeidae (chinch bugs)

Superfamily Pentatomoidea (shield bugs)

Family Pentatomidae (stink bugs)

Family Acanthosomatidae

Family Scutelleridae

Family Coreidae

Family Pyrrhocoridae

Family Tingidae (lace bugs)

Family Anthocoridae (flower bugs)

Family Cimicidae (bed bugs)

Family Nabidae (damsel bugs)

Family Reduviidae (assassin bugs)

7.5.2 Suborder Auchenorryncha (hoppers)

7.5.2.1 Superfamily Fulgoroidea

Family Fulgoridae (lantern flies)

Family Delphacidae (planthoppers)

7.5.2.2 Superfamily Cicadelloidea

Family Membracidae (treehoppers)

Family Cicadellidae (leafhoppers)

7.5.2.3 Superfamily Cicadoidea (Family Cicadidae –cicadas)

7.5.2.4 Superfamily Cercopoidea (Family Cercopidae – froghoppers)

7.5.3 Suborder Sternorryncha (plant lice)

7.5.3.1 Superfamily Psylloidea (Family Psyllidae – suckers or jumping plant lice)

7.5.3.2 Superfamily Aphidoidea (aphids)

Family Lachnidae

Family Aphididae (aphids, greenfly, blackfly)

Family Phylloxeridae

7.5.3.3 Superfamily Aleyrodoidea (whiteflies) – Family Aleyrodidae

7.5.3.4 Superfamily Coccoidea (scale insects and mealybugs)

Family Pseudococcidae (mealybugs)

Family Margarodidae (cushion scales)

Family Kerridae

Family Asterolecaniidae

Family Coccidae (soft scales)

Family Diaspididae (armoured scales)

7.6 Order Thysanoptera (thrips or thunderflies)

7.6.1 Suborder Terebrantia

7.6.1.1 Family Thripidae

7.6.1.2 Family Aeolothripidae

7.6.2 Suborder Tubulifera

7.6.2.1 Family Phlaeothripidae

8 Subclass Pterygota, Division Endopterygota, Lesser Orders

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Order Mecoptera (scorpion flies)

8.3 Order Siphonaptera (fleas)

8.4 Order Neuroptera

8.4.1 Suborder Megaloptera

8.4.1.1 Family Corydalidae

8.4.1.2 Family Sialidae (alder flies)

8.4.1.3 Family Raphidiidae (snake flies)

8.4.2 Suborder Planipennia

8.4.2.1 Superfamily Coniopterygoidea

Family Coniopterygidae

8.4.2.2 Superfamily Osmyloidea

Family Osmylidae

8.4.2.3 Superfamily Mantispoidea

Family Sisyridae

Family Mantispidae (mantis flies)

8.4.2.4 Superfamily Hemeroboidea (lacewings)

Family Hemerobiidae (brown lacewings)

Family Chrysopidae (green lacewings)

8.4.2.5 Superfamily Myrmeleontoidea (ant lions)

8.5 Order Trichoptera (caddis flies)

8.6 Order Strepsiptera (stylops)

9 Subclass Pterygota, Division Endopterygota, Order Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths)

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Suborder Glossata

9.2.1 Infraorder Exoporia

9.2.1.1 Superfamily Hepialoidea

Family Hepialidae (swift moths)

9.2.2 Infraorder Heteroneura – Division Monotrysia

9.2.2.1 Superfamily Nepticuloidea

Family Nepticulidae

9.2.2.2 Superfamily Incurvarioidea

Family Incurvariidae

9.2.3 Infraorder Heteroneura – Division Ditrysia

9.2.3.1 Superfamily Tineoidea

Family Gracillariidae

9.2.3.2 Superfamily Gelechioidea

Family Oecophoridae

Family Gelechiidae

Family Coleophoridae (casebearer moths)

9.2.3.3 Superfamily Yponomeutoidea

Family Plutellidae

Family Yponomeutidae

9.2.3.4 Superfamily Pyraloidea

Family Pyralidae

9.2.3.5 Superfamily Sesioidea

Family Sesiidae (clearwings)

9.2.3.6 Superfamily Cossoidea

Family Cossidae

9.2.3.7 Superfamily Tortricoidea

Family Tortricidae

9.2.3.8 Superfamily Geometroidea

Family Geometridae

9.2.3.9 Superfamily Papilionoidea (butterflies)

Family Hesperiidae (skippers)

Family Papilionidae (swallowtails)

Family Pieridae (whites)

Family Lycaenidae (blues)

Family Nymphalidae

9.2.3.10 Superfamily Bombycoidea

Family Bombycidae

Family Lasiocampidae

9.2.3.11 Superfamily Sphingoidea

Family Sphingidae (hawk moths)

9.2.3.12 Superfamily Noctuoidea

Family Lymantriidae

Family Arctiidae

Family Noctuidae (owlet moths)

10 Subclass Pterygota, Division Endopterygota, Order Diptera (true flies)

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Suborder Nematocera

10.2.1 Family Tipulidae (crane flies)

10.2.2 Family Psychodidae

10.2.3 Family Cecidomyiidae (gall midges)

10.2.4 Family Culicidae (mosquitoes)

10.2.5 Family Chironomidae (non-biting midges)

10.2.6 Family Ceratopogonidae (biting midges)

10.2.7 Family Simuliidae (black flies)

10.2.8 Family Sciaridae (mushroom flies, dark-winged fungus gnats)

10.2.9 Family Mycetophilidae (fungus gnats)

10.2.10 Family Bibionidae

10.3 Suborder Brachycera

10.3.1 Family Tabanidae (horse flies)

10.3.2 Family Stratiomyidae (soldier flies)

10.3.3 Family Asilidae (robber flies)

10.3.4 Family Empididae (assassin flies)

10.4 Suborder Cyclorrhapha

10.4.1 Series Aschiza

10.4.1.1 Family Syrphidae (hover flies)

10.4.2 Series Schizophora

10.4.2.1 Division Acalyptrata

Family Psilidae

Family Sepsidae (semaphore flies)

Family Ephydridae (shore flies)

Family Chloropidae

Family Opomyzidae

Family Agromyzidae

Family Diopsidae (stalk-eyed flies)

Family Tephritidae (or Trypetidae) (fruit flies)

10.4.2.2 Division Calyptrata

Family Scathophagidae (or Cordiluridae)

Family Anthomyiidae

Family Muscidae

Family Calliphoridae (bluebottles and greenbottles)

Family Sarcophagidae (flesh flies)

Family Tachinidae

Family Glossinidae (tsetse flies)

Family Oestridae

10.4.2.3 Division Pupipara (louse flies, keds)

Family Hippoboscidae

11 Subclass Pterygota, Division Endopterygota, Order Hymenoptera (sawflies, ants, bees and wasps)

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Suborder Symphyta (sawflies)

11.2.1 Family Siricidae (wood wasps)

11.2.2 Family Cephidae

11.2.3 Family Tenthredinidae

11.2.4 Family Diprionidae

11.3 Suborder Apocrita (ants, bees, wasps and parasitic wasps)

11.3.1 The social Hymenoptera and their allies

11.3.1.1 Superfamily Apoidea

Family Andrenidae

Family Megachilidae (leaf-cutter and mason bees)

Family Apidae

Family Sphecidae (digger wasps)

11.3.1.2 Superfamily Vespoidea (wasps)

Family Vespidae

Family Mutillidae (velvet ants)

Family Pompilidae (spider-hunting wasps)

Family Scoliidae

Family Tiphiidae

Family Formicidae (ants)

11.3.1.3 Superfamily Chrysidoidea

11.3.2 Other Superfamilies

11.3.2.1 Superfamily Ichneumonoidea

Family Ichneumonidae

Family Braconidae

11.3.2.2 Superfamily Chalcidoidea

Family Agaonidae (fig wasps)

Family Aphelinidae

Family Chalcidae

Family Pteromalidae

Family Torymidae

Family Encyrtidae

Family Trichogrammatidae

Family Mymaridae (fairy flies)

Family Tanaostigmatidae

11.3.2.3 Superfamily Proctotrupoidea

11.3.2.4 Superfamily Evanioidea

Family Evaniidae

Family Gasteruptiidae

11.3.2.5 Superfamily Cynipoidea

Family Charipidae

Family Cynipidae (gall wasps)

12 Subclass Pterygota, Division Endopterygota, Order Coleoptera (beetles)

12.1 Introduction

12.1.1 Adult morphology

12.1.2 Larvae and pupae

12.2 Suborder Adephaga

12.2.1 Family Gyrinidae (whirligig beetles)

12.2.2 Families Haliplidae and Hygrobiidae

12.2.3 Family Dytiscidae

12.2.4 Family Cicindelidae (tiger beetles)

12.2.5 Family Carabidae (ground beetles)

12.3 Suborder Polyphaga

12.3.1 Superfamily Staphylinoidea

12.3.1.1 Family Staphylinidae (rove beetles)

12.3.1.2 Family Silphidae (burying, sexton or carrion beetles)

12.3.1.3 Family Pselaphidae

12.3.1.4 Family Ptiliidae

12.3.2 Superfamily Hydrophiloidea – Family Hydrophilidae

12.3.3 Superfamily Histeroidea – Family Histeridae

12.3.4 Superfamily Scarabaeoidea

12.3.4.1 Family Lucanidae (stag beetles)

12.3.4.2 Family Geotrupidae (dung beetles)

12.3.4.3 Family Scarabaeidae

12.3.5 Superfamily Buprestoidea – Family Buprestidae

12.3.6 Superfamily Elateroidea – Family Elateridae

12.3.7 Superfamily Cantharoidea

12.3.7.1 Family Cantharidae (soldier beetles)

12.3.7.2 Family Lampyridae (glow-worms)

12.3.8 Superfamily Dermestoidea

12.3.9 Superfamily Bostrychoidea

12.3.9.1 Family Lyctidae (powder-post beetles)

12.3.9.2 Family Bostrychidae

12.3.9.3 Family Anobiidae

12.3.9.4 Family Ptinidae (spider beetles)

12.3.10 Superfamily Cleroidea

12.3.10.1 Family Cleridae

12.3.10.2 Family Trogossitidae

12.3.10.3 Family Melyridae

12.3.11 Superfamily Cucujoidea

12.3.11.1 Series Heteromera

Family Anthicidae

Family Meloidae (oil beetles, blister beetles)

Family Ripiphoridae (previously

Rhipiphoridae)

Family Alleculidae

Family Oedemeridae

Family Pyrochroidae

Family Tenebrionidae (darkling beetles)

12.3.11.2 Series Clavicornia

Family Byturidae

Family Coccinellidae (ladybirds or ladybeetles (USA))

Family Cryptophagidae (fungus beetles)

Family Cucujidae

Family Lathridiidae

Family Mycetophagidae

Family Nitidulidae

12.3.12 Superfamily Chrysomeloidea

12.3.12.1 Family Cerambycidae (longhorn beetles)

12.3.12.2 Family Chrysomelidae (leafbeetles)

Subfamily Bruchinae (seed beetles)

Subfamily Alticinae (previously Halticinae)

Subfamily Chrysomelinae

Subfamily Criocerinae

Subfamily Galerucinae

Subfamily Hispinae

Subfamily Cassidinae

Subfamily Clytrinae

12.3.13 Superfamily Curculionoidea

12.3.13.1 Family Curculionidae

Subfamily Scolytinae (bark beetles)

Subfamily Platypodinae

Subfamily Apioninae (seed weevils)

Other Subfamilies (true weevils)

Subfamily Entiminae

Subfamily Curculioninae

Subfamily Rhynchophorinae

Subfamily Ceutorhynchinae

Subfamily Hyperinae

13 Class Arachnida

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Subclass Araneida (spiders)

13.2.1 Family Araneidae

13.2.2 Family Lycosidae

13.3 Subclass Acarina (mites and ticks)

13.3.1 Order Mesostigmata

13.3.1.1 Family Phytoseiidae

13.3.1.2 Family Varroidae

13.3.2 Order Ixodida (ticks)

13.3.2.1 Family Ixodidae (hard ticks)

13.3.2.2 Family Argasidae (soft ticks)

13.3.3 Order Prostigmata

13.3.3.1 Family Tetranychidae (spider mites)

13.3.3.2 Family Tenuipalpidae (false spider mites)

13.3.3.3 Family Tarsonemidae

13.3.3.4 Family Eriophyidae (‘gall mites’, but there are also free-living species)

13.3.4 Order Astigmata

13.3.4.1 Family Acaridae

13.3.4.2 Family Sarcoptidae

13.3.5 Order Cryptostigmata (beetle mites)

Bibliography

Index