The Sexualization of Girls and Girlhood: Causes, Consequences, and Resistance

For the past several years, child advocates, parents, and educators have expressed concern over the sexualization of girls. Has the cultural sexual objectification of girls and women increased? Are younger and younger girls sold a "sexed-up" version of femininity, and are adult women sold a girlish sexuality?

The Sexualization of Girls and Girlhood: Causes, Consequences, and Resistance includes the best empirical research, theory, and practice stemming from the report of the American Psychological Association's Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls. Contributors discuss evidence for this phenomenon from media and marketing, to interpersonal interaction, to girls' own efforts to fashion themselves after sexualized role models around them. A variety of consequences of the sexualization of girls and girlhood--for girls themselves, for others, and for society at large--are presented. Individual chapters cover topics such as athletics as a solution and problem for the sexualization of girls, sexual harassment by peers, gendered violence, body image, adolescent girls' sexual development, and healthy sexuality for girls and young women. Importantly, positive alternatives and suggestions are included so that those who care for girls can address this troubling cultural trend and help counter the significant risk to girls' wellbeing that it represents. This volume is a valuable resource for child advocates, parents, and educators and useful for undergraduate and graduate courses that address gender across disciplines such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, education, communication, media studies, and women's, and sexuality studies.

Eileen L. Zurbriggen is Professor of Psychology at the University of California, Santa Cruz. She served as Chair of the American Psychological Association's Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls. Her research focuses on behavioral and psychological linkages of power and sex and on media representations of gender and sexuality.

Tomi-Ann Roberts is Winkler-Herman Professor of Psychology at Colorado College. She served on the American Psychological Association's Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls. Her research focuses on the consequences of the sexual objectification of girls and women, particularly the psychological consequences of girls' and women's own efforts to change their bodies and appearance to meet cultural standards.

Contributors

Part I. What is Sexualization? Scope of the Problem and Theoretical Foundations

1. The Problem of Sexualization: What is It and How Does it Happen?

Tomi-Ann Roberts and Eileen L. Zurbriggen

2. "She's So Pretty, She Looks Just like A Bratz Doll!": Theoretical Foundations for Understanding Girls' and Women's Self-Objectification

Tomi-Ann Roberts

Part II. Cultural Contributions and Consequences

3. A Woman's Worth: Analyzing the Sexual Objectification of Black Women in Music Videos

L Monique Ward, Rocio Rivadeneyra, Khia Thomas, Kyla Day, and Marina Epstein

4. Athletics as Solution and Problem: Sport Participation for Girls and the Sexualization of Female Athletes

Elizabeth A. Daniels and Nicole M. LaVoi

5. It's Bad For Us Too: How the Sexualization of Girls Impacts the Sexuality of Boys, Men, and Women

Deborah L. Tolman

Part III. Interpersonal Contributions and Consequences

6. Sexual Harassment by Peers

Jennifer L. Petersen and Janet Shibley Hyde

7. "If you're Hot, I'm Bi": Implications of Sexualization for Sexual-Minority Girls

Elisabeth Morgan Thompson

8. The Sexualization of Girls and Gendered Violence: Mapping the Connections

Natalie J. Purcell and Eileen L. Zurbriggen

9. Prostitution: An Extreme Form of Girls' Sexualization

Melissa Farley

Part IV. Intrapersonal Contributions and Consequences

10. Teens, Pre-teens, and Body Image

Marika Tiggemann

11. Kiddy Thongs and Menstrual Pads: The Sexualization of Girls and Early Menstrual Life

Margaret L. Stubbs and Ingrid Johnston-Robledo

12. "I'd Rather be a Famous Fashion Model than a Famous Scientist" : The Rewards and Costs of Internalizing Sexualization

Sarah K. Murnen and Linda Smolak

Part V. Resistance, Activism, and Alternatives

13. "Not Always a Clear Path": Making Space for Peers, Adults, and Complexity in Adolescent Girls' Sexual Development

Laina Y. Bay-Cheng, Jennifer A. Livingston, and Nicole M. Fava

14. Toward a Healthy Sexuality for Girls and Young Women: A Critique of Desire

Sharon Lamb

15. Fighting Sexualization: What Parents, Teachers, Communities, and Kids Can Do

Eileen L. Zurbriggen and Tomi-Ann Roberts