Rarely has a scholar attained such popular acclaim merely by doing what he does best and enjoys most. But such is Stephen Jay Gould's command of paleontology and evolutionary theory, and his gift for brilliant explication, that he has brought dust and dead bones to life, and developed an immense following for the seeming arcana of this field.

In Time's Arrow, Time's Cyclehis subject is nothing less than geology's signal contribution to human thought--the discovery of "deep time," the vastness of earth's history, a history so ancient that we can comprehend it only as metaphor. He follows a single thread through three documents that mark the transition in our thinking from thousands to billions of years: Thomas Burnet's four-volume Sacred Theory of the Earth(1680-1690), James Hutton's Theory of the Earth(1795), and Charles Lyell's three-volume Principles of Geology(1830-1833).

Gould's major theme is the role of metaphor in the formulation and testing of scientific theories--in this case the insight provided by the oldest traditional dichotomy of Judeo-Christian thought: the directionality of time's arrow or the immanence of time's cycle. Gould follows these metaphors through these three great documents and shows how their influence, more than the empirical observation of rocks in the field, provoked the supposed discovery of deep time by Hutton and Lyell. Gould breaks through the traditional "cardboard" history of geological textbooks (the progressive march to truth inspired by more and better observations) by showing that Burnet, the villain of conventional accounts, was a rationalist (not a theologically driven miracle-monger) whose rich reconstruction of earth history emphasized the need for both time's arrow (narrative history) and time's cycle (immanent laws), while Hutton and Lyell, our traditional heroes, denied the richness of history by their exclusive focus upon time's Arrow.

What you read in textbooks and what your teachers told you is really wrong, Gould expounds. All this is a lot of fun, and there is such history and philosophy to intellectually chew on in this book...As we have come to expect from Gould, this book is interesting and clear.

In his painstaking yet engaging manner, Gould examines three central documents in the evolution of our notions about geological time. These works have been connected wrongly, Gould finds, in an arrowlike progression of their own, from religious notions of Earth's creation as God's fast work to empirically based theories of slow, steady changes...Gould's chosen task is significant nonetheless--setting the record of that discovery arrow-straight. He's done that in his unusual book with his usual charm and erudition.

Geological time, its enormousness and humankind's place in it, is the great intellectual contribution of geology. In his latest book, Stephen Jay Gould shows us how its discovery embraced both time's cycle and time's arrow, and how, because these metaphors went unrecognized, we misinterpret geologic discoveries. Gould's style will be familiar to his readers--the historical snippets, the dichotomies, the odd and unusual, the common, the startling, and the contrary are all here.

The blasphemous and dwarfing revelation of 'deep time' forms the underlying drama of [this book]...In the monthly essays with which Gould has been amusing and edifying the readers of Natural Historymagazine for some fifteen years, he now and then shows a surprisingly fond acquaintance with the debunked and forgotten theories that litter the history of science: the present book, an expanded version of lectures given at Hebrew University in Jerusalem, considers three early British geologists--Thomas Brunet (1635-1715), James Hutton (1726-1797) and Charles Lyell (1797-1875)--who he feels have been misrepresented in the contemporary textbook version of geology's progress...Gould's lucid animated style, rarely slowed by even a touch of the ponderous, leads us deftly through the labyrinth of faded debates and perceptions...Gould, with a passion that approaches the lyrical, argues for a retrospective tolerance in science and against fashions that would make heroes and villains of men equally committed to the cause of truth and equally immersed in the metaphors and presumptions of their culture and time.

In [this book], Gould has turned to the history of geology, a field very close to his main concerns as a paleontologist. He offers a revisionist historical account of the discovery of geological time. If anyone suspects that Gould has at last written a book on a rather dry historical question, I should emphasize that he has hit upon a rich subject and has written a highly perceptive and fascinating book. Furthermore, his latest volume offers his readers a valuable insight into his wider intellectual vision, providing them with a literary blueprint for a number of the basic concerns that unite his many essays and books. To understand Gould one should read his new book.

Stephen Jay Gouldwas the Alexander Agassiz Professor of Zoology at <>Harvard Universityand Vincent Astor VisitingProfessor of Biology at <>New York University. A MacArthur Prize Fellow, he received innumerable honors and awards and wrote many books, includingOntogeny and Phylogenyand Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle(both from Harvard).

1. The Discovery of Deep Time

Deep Time

Myths of Deep Time

On Dichotomy

Time's Arrow and Time's Cycle

Caveats

2. Thomas Burnet's Battleground of Time

Burner's Frontispiece

The Burnet of Textbooks

Science versus Religion?

Burnet's Methodology

The Physics of History

Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle: Conflict and Resolution

Burnet and Steno as Intellectual Partners in the Light of Time's Arrow and Time's Cycle

3. James Hutton's Theory of the Earth: A Machine without a History

Picturing the Abyss of Time

Hutton's World Machine and the Provision of Deep Time

The Hutton of Legend

Hutton Disproves His Legend

The Sources of Necessary Cyclicity

Hutton's Paradox: Or, Why the Discoverer of Deep Time Denied History

Borges's Dilemma and Hutton's Motto

Playfair: A Boswell with a Difference

A Word in Conclusion and Prospect

4. Charles Lyell, Historian of Time's Cycle

The Case of Professor Ichthyosaurus

Charles Lyell, Self-Made in Cardboard

Lyell's Rhetorical Triumph: The Miscasting of Catastrophism

Lyell's Defense of Time's Cycle

Lyell, Historian of Time's Cycle

The Partial Unraveling of Lyell's World View

Epilogue

5. Boundaries

Hampton's Throne and Burnet's Frontispiece

The Deeper Themes of Arrows and Cycles

Bibliography

Index