A classic survey of Roman history, art, economic life, and religion through Constantine's rise to power.
Preface to the Third Edition Preface to the Second Edition
List of Illustrations
List of Maps
PART I PRE-ROMAN ITALY
Chapter 1 The Geographical Environment of Roman History
1. The Mediterranean Area
2. Italy
Chapter 2 The Early Inhabitants of Italy
1. Stone Age
2. Bronze Age Man
3. The Iron Age and the "Villanovans"
4. The Peoples and Tongues of Italy
Chapter 3 Greeks and Etruscans in Early Italy
1. The Greeks
2. Who were the Etruscans
3. Etruscans Civilizations
4. Etruscan Expansion
PART III THE ROMAN CONQUEST OF ITALY
Chapter 4 Latium and Rome
1. The Geography of Latium
2. The Early History of Latium
3. Rome, The Site of the City
4. The Origins of Rome, The Traditional Story
5. The Origins of Rome, From Village to City
Chapter 5 Rome in the Period if the Kings
1. The Kings and Tradition
2. The City
3. Economic Conditions
4. Early Roman Religion
5. Social and Political Groupings
6. The Monarchy
7. Military and Political Developments
8. Rome and her Neighbors
9. The End of Etruscan Rome
Chapter 6 The Sources for Early Roman History
1. Documentary Records
2. Oral Traditions
3. Literary Sources
Chapter 7 The Conflict of the Orders, The First Stage
1. The First Republican Constitution
2. Economic Conditions
3. The Plebeian Counter-organization
4. The Twelve Tables
5. Plebeian Advances
Chapter 8 The Early Wars of the Republic
1. Rome and Latium
2. Sabines, Aequi and Volsci
3. The Conquest of Veii
4. The Siege of Rome by the Gauls
Chapter 9 The Conflict of the Orders. The Second Stage
1. New Discontents after the Gallic War
2. Economic Legislation
3. Plebein Victories
4. The Patricio-Phebeian Nobility
5. The Resultant Constitution
6. Conclusion
Chapter 10 The Latin, Samnite and Pyrrhic Wars
1. The Establishment of Roman Ascendancy in Central Italy
2. The Oscan-speaking Sabellians
3. The First Samnite War and the Great Latin War
4. The Second Samnite War
5. The Third Samnite War
6. The War with Tarentum and Pyrrhus
Chapter 11 The Roman State in the Third Century B.C.
1. The Roman Constitution. Apparent Defects
2. The Working of the Constitution
3. The Roman Conquest of Italy
4. The Political Organization of Italy
5. Economic Conditions in Rome and Italy
6. Architecture and Art
7. Social and Religious Life
8. Early Roman Literature
PART III THE CONQUEST OF MEDITERRANEAN
Chapter 12 The First Punic War and the Conquest of North Italy
1. Sources of Information
2. The Carthaginian State
3. The Affair of Messana
4. The Growth of Roman War Aims
5. The Invasion of Africa
6. Later Operations in Sicily
7. The First Punic War. Conclusion
8. The Seizure of Sardinia and Corsica
9. The Last Gallic Invasion
10. The Illyrian Wars
Chapter 13 The Second Punic War
1. The Carthaginian Conquest of Spain
2. The Affair of Saguntum
3. Hannibal's Invasion of Italy. Cannae
4. The Roman Effort after Cannae
5. Sequal of the War in Italy
6. The War in Greece and Sicily
7. The Scipios in Spain
8. The War in Africa
9. Conclusion
Chapter 14 The Conquest of the Western Mediterranean
1. Rome's Expanding Dominance
2. The Final Reduction of Cisalpine Gaul
3. The Ligurian Wars
4. The Spanish Wars, 197-179 B.C.
5. The Spanish Wars, 154-133 B.C.
6. Rome, Carthage and Namidia
7. The Third Punic War
Chapter 15 The Macedonian Wars
1. Early Contacts between Rome and Greece
2. The First Macedonian War
3. The Overtures of Pergamum and Rhodes to Rome
4. The Second Macedonian War
5. Antiochus III and the Aetolians
6. The Third Macedonian War
7. The Fourth Macedonian War
8. Rome and the Greek Homeland
Chapter 16 The Roman War in Asia in the Second Century
1. The Origins of the War Against Antiochus
2. The First Roman Campaign in Asia
3. The First Roman Settlement of Asia
4. The Romans in Asia Minor down to 129 B.C.
5. Relations with Syria and Egypt
Chapter 17 The Government of the Roman Provinces
1. The Client States and Kings
2. The Status of the Provincial Communities
3. The Provincial Governors
4. Conscription and Taxation in the Provinces
5. The Defects of Roman Rule in the Provinces
6. Attempts at Reform
Chapter 18 Domestic Politics in the Second Century
1. The Popular Assemblies
2. The New Nobility
3. Political Groups at Rome
4. The Executive
5. Reforms in the Judicial System
6. Financial Administration
7. The City of Rome
8. Italy
9. Foreign Affairs. The Army
Chapter 19 Roman Society in the Second Century
1. Agriculture
2. Slave Labour on the Land
3. Industry and Commerce
4. Roman Private Life
5. The City of Rome
6. Roman and Italian Art
7. Early Latin Poetry
8. Early Prose Literature
9. Science and Philosophy
10. Religion
Part IV The Fall of the Republic
Chapter 20 Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
1. Tiberius Gracchus. His Political Aims
2. The Gracchan Land Laws
3. The First Sentorial Reaction
4. The First Italian Franchise Bill
5. The Social Reforms of Gaius Gracchus
6. The Political Legislation of Gaius Gracchus
7. The Second Senatorial Reaction
8. The Conquest of Narbonese Gaul
Chapter 21 Marius and the New Roman Army
1. The Restored Senatorial Government
2. Affairs in the Eastern Mediterranean
3. The War against Jugurtha. The Fist Phase
4. The War against Jugurtha. Metllus and Marius
5. The Invasion of the Northmen
6. Saturninus and Marius's Sixth Consulship
Chapter 22 The Italian Wars, 911-83 B.C.
1. The Tribunate of Livius Drusus
2. The Rebel Italian Confederacy
3. The Italian War
4. The Tribunate of Sulpicius Rufus
5. The Capture of Rome by Sulla and by China
6. The Rule of Cinna
Chapter 23 The Temporary Monarchy of Cornelius Sulls
1. Events in Asia Minor to 88 B.C.
2. The First Mithrdatic War
3. The Homecoming of Sulla
4. Sulla's Settlement. The Proscriptions
5. Sulla's Constitutional Legislation
6. Sulla's Place in Roman History
Chapter 24 The Fall of the Restoration Government
1. Prospects for the Seventies
2. The Rebellion of Lepidus and its Aftermath
3. The War against Q. Sertorius
4. The Slave War in Italy
5. Pompey's Coup d'Etat
6. Crassus, Caaesar and Catiline
7. The Conspiracy of Catiline
8. The Concordoa Ordinum of Cicero
9. The Firsst Triumvirate and Caesar's First Consulate
Chapter 25 The Wars if Lucullus, Pompeyy and Crassus
1. The Campaigns against the Pirates
2. Lucullus's Conquests in Asia Minor
3. The Campaigns of Lucullus in Armenia
4. Pompey's Settlement of the East
5. The Campaign of Crasuss against the Parthians
Chapter 26 Caesar's Conquest of Gual, and the Breakdown of the First Triumvirate
1. Gaul and its People
2. Caesar's Advance to the Rhine and the Channel
3. Caesar's Forays into Germany and Britain
4. The Final Reduction of Gaul
5. The First Crisis in the Triumvirate
6. The Conference of Luca and the Dictatorship of Pompey
7. The Second Crisis in the Triumvirate
Chapter 27 The Rise of Caesar to Supreme Power
1. The Campaigns of 49 B.C.
2. Dyrrhachium and Pharsalus
3. The 'Bellum Alexandrinum'
4. Thapsus and Munda
5. Caesar's Measures of Reconstruction
6. Caesar's Foreign Policy. Miscellaneous
7. Caesar's Constitutional Position
8. Caesar's Personality and Achievements
Chapter 28 The Second Triumvirate
1. The Interim Administration of Anton
2. The Philippics of Cicero and the War of Mutina
3. Octavian's Coup d'Etat and Pact with Anton
4. The Proscriptions and the Campaign of Philippi
5. The Wars of Perusia and Brundisium
6. Octavian's Was Against Sextus Pompeius
7. Anthony in the East
8. The War of Actium
9. Review of the Second Triumvirate
Chapter 29 Roman Society in the First Century
1. Changes in Roman Agriculture
2. Manufactures and Trade
3. Standards of Living
4. Social Life
5. Architecture and Art
6. Latin Literature. Poetry
7. Latin Prose Writers
8. Science and Philosophy
9. Religion
PART V CONSOLIDATION OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
Chapter 30 The Settlement of Augustus. Rome and Italy
1. The First Settlement, 29-23 B.C.
2. Augustus's Second Settlement
3. The New Executive
4. The City of Rome
5. Italy
6. Social Legislation
7. The Ludi Saeculares
Chapter 31 The Roman Empire Under Augustus
1. The Roman Frontiers
2. Africa and the Red Sea
3. Asia Minor and the Euphrates
4. Western Europe
5. The Danube Lands
6. Military Reforms
7. The Provinces
8. Financial Administration
9. The Succession
10. Summary of Augustus's Principate
11. Conclusions
Chapter 32 The Julio-Claudian Emperors. Internal Affairs
1. Tiberius (A.D. 14-37)
2. Caligula (37-41)
3. Claudius (41-54)
4. Nero (54-68)
5. Constitutional Developments
6. Finance
7. Rome and Italy
Chapter 33 The Roman Empire Under the Julio-Claudian Dynasty
1. Africa
2. Judaea
3. Armernia and Parthia
4. The Danube Lands
5. Germany
6. The Conquest of Britain
7. The Provinces
8. Conclusion
Chapter 34 Roman Society under the Early Roman Empire
1. Agriculture
2. Industry and Trade
3. Urban Life
4. Architecture and Art
5. Literature. General Conditions
6. Latin Poetry
7. Latin Prose
8. Religion
Chapter 35 The 'Year of the Four Emperors'
1. The Revolt against Nero
2. Galba
3. Otho
4. Vitellius
5. Conclusion
Chapter 36 The Flavian Emperors
1. Personalities
2. Constitutional Changes
3. General Administration
4. The Jewish War
5. The Revolt of Civilis and Classicus
6. Further Conquest in Britain
7. The Rhine and Danube Frontiers
8. The East
9. The Provinces
10. The 'Opposition' to the Flavian Emperors
Chapter 37 The 'Five Good Emperors'. General Administration
1. Personalities
2. Constitutional Changes
3. Municipal Government
4. Imperial Finances
5. The Provinces
Chapter 38 The 'Five Good Emperors'. External Affairs
1. Foreign Policy
2. Africa
3. Armenia and Parthia
4. Judaea
5. Dacia
6. The Marcomannic Wars
7. Britain
8. The Roman Army
9. Conclusion
Chapter 39 Roman Society from A.D. 70 to 180
1. Agriculture
2. Industry and Trade
3. The Growth of Cities
4. Architecture
5. Art
6. Social Life
7. The Spread of Latin and Greek
8. Latin Poetry
9. Latin Prose
10. Philosophy and Religion
11. The Spread of Christianity
12. The Opposition to Christianity
13. Conclusion
Chapter 40 Commodus and the Severi
1. The Reign of Commodus (180-192)
2. The Civil Wars of 193-197
3. The Military Policy of Septimius Severus
4. The Internal Reforms of Septimius Severus
5. Caracalla (211-217)
6. Severus Alexander (222-235)
7. The Severan Age
PART VI THE DECLINE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
Chapter 41 The Crisis of the Empire in the Third Century
1. Military Anarchy in Permanence
2. The Empire Invaded
3. The Frontiers Restored
Chapter 42 Diocletian and Constantine
1. Diocletian and the Tetrachy
2. The Rise of Constantine
3. Constantine and Licinius
4. The Transition to Absolute Monarchy
5. The Emperors and their Executive
6. Financial Reforms
7. Compulsory Service
8. Defence and Army Reform
9. Conclusion
Chapter 43 Economic, Cultural and Religious Developments
1. Economic Conditions
2. Architecture and Art
3. Social Life
4. Education and Letters
5. Latin and Greek Literature
6. Religions
7. Christianity, Persecuted and Triumphant
Chapter 44 The Roman Empire. Retrospect and Prospect
1. The End of the Empire in the West
2. Decline and Fall
3. Physical Causes of the Decline
4. Social and Political Causes of the Decline
5. Survivals of the Roman Empire
Chronological Table
List of Emperors
Genealogical Tables
1. Some Cornelii, Aemilii, and Sempronii Gracchi
2. Some Metelli, Claudii, etc.
3. The Julio-Claudian dynasty
Brief List of Books
List of Abbreviations
Notes and References
Glossary
Index