Preface 1 Basic Concepts in Strength of Materials
The Big Picture
1-1 Objective of This Book — To Ensure Safety
1-2 Objectives of This Chapter
1-3 Problem-solving Procedure
1-4 Basic Unit Systems
1-5 Relationship Among Mass, Force, and Weight
1-6 The Concept of Stress
1-7 Direct Normal Stress
1-8 Stress Elements for Direct Normal Stresses
1-9 The Concept of Strain
1-10 Direct Shear Stress
1-11 Stress Element for Shear Stresses
1-12 Preferred Sizes and Standard Shapes
1-13 Experimental and Computational Stress
2 Design Properties of Materials
The Big Picture
2-1 Objectives of This Chapter
2-2 Design Properties of Materials
2-3 Steel
2-4 Cast Iron
2-5 Aluminum
2-6 Copper, Brass, and Bronze
2-7 Zinc, Magnesium, Titanium, and Nickel-Based Alloys
2-8 Nonmetals in Engineering Design
2-9 Wood
2-10 Concrete
2-11 Plastics
2-12 Composites
2-13 Materials Selection
3 Direct Stress, Deformation, and Design
The Big Picture and Activity
3-1 Objectives of this Chapter
3-2 Design of Members under Direct Tension or Compression
3-3 Design Normal Stresses
3-4 Design Factor
3-5 Design Approaches and Guidelines for Design Factors
3-6 Methods of Computing Design Stress
3-7 Elastic Deformation in Tension and Compression Members
3-8 Deformation Due to Temperature Changes
3-9 Thermal Stress
3-10 Members Made of More Than One Material
3-11 Stress Concentration Factors for Direct Axial Stresses
3-12 Bearing Stress
3-13 Design Bearing Stress
3-14 Design Shear Stress
4 Torsional Shear Stress and Torsional Deformation
The Big Picture
4-1 Objectives of This Chapter
4-2 Torque, Power, and Rotational Speed
4-3 Torsional Shear Stress in Members with Circular Cross Sections
4-4 Development of the Torsional Shear Stress Formula
4-5 Polar Moment of Inertia for Solid Circular Bars
4-6 Torsional Shear Stress and Polar Moment of Inertia for Hollow Circular Bars
4-7 Design of Circular Members under Torsion
4-8 Comparison of Solid and Hollow Circular Members
4-9 Stress Concentrations in Torsionally Loaded Members
4-10 Twisting — Elastic Torsional Deformation
4-11 Torsion in Noncircular Sections
5 Shearing Forces and Bending Moments in Beams
The Big Picture
5-1 Objectives of this Chapter
5-2 Beam Loading, Supports, and Types of Beams
5-3 Reactions at Supports
5-4 Shearing Forces and Bending Moments for Concentrated Loads
5-5 Guidelines for Drawing Beam Diagrams for Concentrated Loads
5-6 Shearing Forces and Bending Moments for Distributed Loads
5-7 General Shapes Found in Bending Moment Diagrams
5-8 Shearing Forces and Bending Moments for Cantilever Beams
5-9 Beams with Linearly Varying Distributed Loads
5-10 Free-Body Diagrams of Parts of Structures
5-11 Mathematical Analysis of Beam Diagrams
5-12 Continuous Beams — Theorem of Three Moments
6 Centroids and Moments of Inertia of Areas
The Big Picture
6-1 Objectives of This Chapter
6-2 The Concept of Centroid — Simple Shapes
6-3 Centroid of Complex Shapes
6-4 The Concept of Moment of Inertia
6-5 Moment of Inertia for Composite Shapes Whose Parts have the Same Centroidal Axis
6-6 Moment of Inertia for Composite Shapes — General Case — Use of the Parallel Axis Theorem
6-7 Mathematical Definition of Moment of Inertia
6-8 Composite Sections Made from Commercially Available Shapes
6-9 Moment of Inertia for Shapes with all Rectangular Parts
6-10 Radius of Gyration
6-11 Section Modulus
7 Stress Due to Bending
The Big Picture
7-1 Objectives of This Chapter
7-2 The Flexure Formula
7-3 Conditions on the Use of the Flexure Formula
7-4 Stress Distribution on a Cross Section of a Beam
7-5 Derivation of the Flexure Formula
7-6 Applications — Beam Analysis
7-7 Applications — Beam Design and Design Stresses
7-8 Section Modulus and Design Procedures
7-9 Stress Concentrations
7-10 Flexural Center or Shear Center
7-11 Preferred Shapes for Beam Cross Sections
7-12 Design of Beams to be Made from Composite Materials
8 Shearing Stresses in Beams
The Big Picture
8-1 Objectives of this Chapter
8-2 Importance of Shearing Stresses in Beams
8-3 The General Shear Formula
8-4 Distribution of Shearing Stress in Beams
8-5 Development of the General Shear Formula
8-6 Special Shear Formulas
8-7 Design for Shear
8-8 Shear Flow
9 Deflection of Beams
The Big Picture
9-1 Objectives of this Chapter
9-2 The Need for Considering Beam Deflections
9-3 General Principles and Definitions of Terms
9-4 Beam Deflections Using the Formula Method
9-5 Comparison of the Manner of Support for Beams
9-6 Superposition Using Deflection Formulas
9-7 Successive Integration Method
9-8 Moment-Area Method
10 Combined Stresses
The Big Picture
10-1 Objectives of this Chapter
10-2 The Stress Element
10-3 Stress Distribution Created by Basic Stresses
10-4 Creating the Initial Stress Element
10-5 Combined Normal Stresses
10-6 Combined Normal and Shear Stresses
10-7 Equations for Stresses in Any Direction
10-8 Maximum Stresses
10-9 Mohr’s Circle for Stress
10-10 Stress Condition on Selected Planes
10-11 Special Case in which Both Principal Stresses have the Same Sign
10-12 Use of Strain-Gage Rosettes to Determine Principal Stresses
11 Columns
The Big Picture
11-1 Objectives of this Chapter
11-2 Slenderness Ratio
11-3 Transition Slenderness Ratio
11-4 The Euler Formula for Long Columns
11-5 The J. B. Johnson Formula for Short Columns
11-6 Summary — Buckling Formulas
11-7 Design Factors and Allowable Load
11-8 Summary — Method of Analyzing Columns
11-9 Column Analysis Spreadsheet
11-10 Efficient Shapes for Columns
11-11 Specifications of the AISC
11-12 Specifications of the Aluminum Association
11-13 Non-Centrally Loaded Columns
12 Pressure Vessels
The Big Picture
12-1 Objectives of this Chapter
12-2 Distinction Between Thin-Walled and Thick-Walled Pressure Vessels
12-3 Thin-Walled Spheres
12-4 Thin-Walled Cylinders
12-5 Thick-Walled Cylinders and Spheres
12-6 Analysis and Design Procedures for Pressure Vessels
12-7 Spreadsheet Aid for Analyzing Thick-Walled Spheres and Cylinders
12-8 Shearing Stress in Cylinders and Spheres
12-9 Other Design Considerations for Pressure Vessels
12-10 Composite Pressure Vessels
13 Connections
The Big Picture
13-1 Objectives of this Chapter
13-2 Modes of Failure
13-3 Riveted Connections
13-4 Bolted Connections
13-5 Allowable Stresses for Riveted and Bolted Connections
13-6 Example Problems — Riveted and Bolted Joints
13-7 Eccentrically Loaded Riveted and Bolted Joints
13-8 Welded Joints with Concentric Loads
Appendix Answers to Selected Problems Index