PrefaceUNIT 1. THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF LIFE
CHAPTER 1. The Nature of Biology
Why Does Biology Matter to You?
case study The "Infidelity Gene"
1.1. How Does Biology Affect Your Life?
1.2. What Are the Features of Life?
1.3. How Do Organisms Function?
Atoms, Chemical Bonding, and Molecules
Macromolecules
Cells
Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
Energy Extraction and Use
1.4. How Do Organisms Reproduce?
Inheritance
Reproduction
1.5. How Does Life Evolve?
Darwin's Theory
Extending Darwin's Theory Through Time
Evolution Is the Unifying Theme of Biology
1.6. What Patterns of Diversity Are Found in Nature?
Life Is Diverse
Evolutionary Diversification Leads to Degrees of Relatedness
Organizing Hierarchies in the Diversity of Life
BIOLOGY IN PERSPECTIVE
Technology Connection: Identifying the "Infidelity Gene"
Scientist Spotlight: Carol W. Greider (1961-)
Life Application: Determining When Life Has Ended
How Do We Know? Spontaneous Generation
CHAPTER 2. The Nature of Science
How Do We Know How the World Works?
case study The Mysterious Case of Childbed Fever
2.1. How Would a Scientist Investigate Childbed Fever?
Looking for Clues
Possible Causes
"Cadaverous Particles"
2.2. How Does Science Work?
Observation and Facts
Hypotheses and Predictions
Testing
Evaluation and Interpretation of Results
Scientific Theories
2.3. What Assumptions Does Science Make About Nature?
Cause and Effect
Consistency and Repeatability
Materialism
2.4. What Are the Principal Features of Science?
Empirical Evidence
Testability
Generality
2.5. How Does Science Differ from Other Ways of Knowing?
2.6. How Does Science Differ from Pseudoscience and Quackery?
BIOLOGY IN PERSPECTIVE
Life Application: Childbed Fever
Scientist Spotlight: Robert Koch (1843-1910)
How Do We Know? Hypothesis Testing and Scientific Proof
Technology Connection: Throat Cultures
UNIT 2. REPRODUCTION AND INHERITANCE
CHAPTER 3. Human Development
How Do Cells Make a Person?
case study Unusually Close Sisters
3.1. What Are the Units of Life?
3.2. What Cell Structures Play a Role in Embryo Development?
Cell Membrane
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
3.3. How Do Eggs and Sperm Form?
Meiosis I: The First Round of Cell Division
Meiosis II: The Second Round of Cell Division
3.4. What Happens in Fertilization?
3.5. How Does an Embryo Form and Ultimately Become a Fetus?
Mitosis
Gastrulation and Organ Formation
Differentiation
Gene Expression
3.6. What Are the Key Events of Pregnancy?
Embryonic Development: Conception to Eight Weeks
Fetal Development: Three Months to Nine Months
3.7. What Happens in Labor and Delivery?
3.8. How Do Twins Form?
3.9. What Can Conjoined Twins Tell Us About Biology and Ourselves?
Explanations for Conjoining
What Conjoining May Tell Us About Biology
What Conjoining May Tell Us About Ourselves
BIOLOGY IN PERSPECTIVE
Scientist Spotlight: Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
How Do We Know? Eggs and Sperm Are Both Needed for Fertilization
Technology Connection: Ultrasound
Life Application: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
CHAPTER 4. Inheritance, Genes, and Physical Characteristics
Does Disease Have a Genetic Basis?
case study Sickle Cell Disease, Malaria, and Human Evolution
4.1. What Is Sickle Cell Disease?
How Sickling Happens
Sickle Cell Disease and Inheritance
4.2. Could Molecular Medicine Prevent Sickle Cell Disease?
4.3. Where Is Our Genetic Information Stored?
4.4. How Did Mendel Discover the Rules of Inheritance?
Mendel's Experiments
Gametes and Monohybrids
Mendel's Rules
4.5. How Much Do Mendel's Rules Explain?
Alleles Can Interact, and So Can Genes
Genes May Affect More Than One
Characteristic
Gene Expression Depends on theEnvironment
4.6. What Are Genes Made Of?
4.7. How Does DNA Function?
Transformation
The "Transforming Substance"
4.8. What Processes Must DNA Accomplish?
Replication
Mutation
Protein Production
4.9. Why Is Protein Structure So Important?
BIOLOGY IN PERSPECTIVE
Technology Connection: Electrophoresis
How Do We Know? Pedigree Analysis
Scientist Spotlight: Rosalind Franklin (1920-1958)
Life Application: The Effectiveness of Genetic Screening
CHAPTER 5. Cancer
How Can It Be Prevented, Diagnosed, and Treated?
case study Xeroderma pigmentosum
5.1. How Does Cancer Make You Sick?
5.2. How Do Cancer Cells Differ from Normal Cells?
5.3. What Is the Life Cycle of a Cell?
The Molecules That Regulate Cell
Division
The Cell Cycle
5.4. In What Ways Is Cancer a Genetic Disorder?
Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes
Chromosomal Abnormalities
5.5. What Risk Factors Are Associated with Cancer?
Smoking
Diet and Exercise
Excessive Alcohol Use
Radiation
Infection
Workplace Carcinogens and Pollution
Inheritance
Age
Poverty
5.6. How Is Cancer Diagnosed?
5.7. How Is Cancer Treated?
Surgery
Radiation Therapy
Chemotherapy
Cancer Treatments on the Horizon
Why Cancer Treatments Sometimes Fail
5.8. How Can Cancer Be Prevented?
BIOLOGY IN PERSPECTIVE
How Do We Know? Cancer-Causing Genes from Malfunctioning Normal Genes
Scientist Spotlight: Peyton Rous (1879-1970)
Technology Connection: Computerized Tomography (CT) Scans
Life Application: Chemoprevention
CHAPTER 6. Reproduction
What "Kind" of Baby Is It?
case study The Fastest Woman on Earth
6.1. How Do Males and Females Form?
The Stages of Sex Determination
Chromosome Instructions
Hormone Instructions
6.2. What Happens If the Hormonal Signals Are Missing or Misread?
Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome
Pseudohermaphroditism
6.3. How Do Men Produce Sperm?
The Testes
Sperm and Semen
Hormones and Sperm Production
6.4. How Do Women Produce Eggs?
The Ovaries
The Ovarian Cycle
The Uterine Cycle
Hormones and Pregnancy
6.5. How Can Pregnancy Be Prevented?
Surgery
Hormones
Barrier
Other
6.6. What Causes Infertility, and How Can It Be Prevented?
Causes of Infertility
Infertility Treatments
6.7. How Can We Tell If a Fetus or Baby Is Healthy?
Blood and Urine Tests
Screens and Diagnostic Tests
Newborn Tests
6.8. What Tests Are on the Horizon?
BIOLOGY IN PERSPECTIVE
Life Application: Gender Testing in Sports
How Do We Know? The Female Reproductive Tract Helps Sperm Find an Egg
Technology Connection: Home Pregnancy Tests
Scientist Spotlight: Virginia Apgar (1909-1974)
CHAPTER 7. Plants, Agriculture, and Genetic Engineering
Can We Create Better Plants and Animals?
case study Golden Rice
7.1. Why Are Plants Such Good Sources of Food?
Roots
Stems
Leaves
Flowers
7.2. How Do Plants Make Food?
Overview of Photosynthesis
Light Reactions and the Calvin Cycle
The Role of Cells in Photosynthesis
The Role of Leaves in Photosynthesis
7.3. What Are the Goals of Genetic Engineering in Plants?
Pesticide Production
Herbicide Resistance
Increased Nutritional Value
7.4. How Was Golden Rice Engineered?
Define the Problem
Clone the Genes
Package the Genes
Transform the Cells
Confirm the Strain
7.5. How Else Is Genetic Engineering Being Used?
Medicine
Industry
Research
Novelty
Construction of an Organism's Genome
7.6. What Are the Risks of Genetic Engineering?
Safety
Economic Considerations
Effectiveness
7.7. How Ethical Is Genetic Engineering?
Genetic Engineering and Our Environment
Genetic Engineering and Human Life
BIOLOGY IN PERSPECTIVE
Scientist Spotlight: Kary Mullis (1944-)
Technology Connection: How to Transform Cells
Life Application: From Teosinte to Maize
How Do We Know? Evaluating the Safety of Genetically Engineered Products
CHAPTER 8 Health Care and the Human Genome
How Will We Use Our New Medical and Genetic Skills?
case study Carrie Buck and the American Eugenics Movement
8.1. Do Complex Human Characteristics Have a Genetic Basis?
Genetic Determinism
Defining Normal
8.2. What Is Gene Therapy?
Somatic Gene Therapy
Germ-Line Gene Therapy
8.3. What Are the Benefits and Risks of Genetically Altering Humans?
Somatic Gene Therapy
Germ-Line Gene Therapy
8.4. How Can Stem Cells and Cloning Be Used to Alter People?
Stem Cells
Cloning
8.5. What Are the Benefi ts and Risks of Stem Cell Research?
Benefits
Risks
8.6. What Other Challenges Result from Advances in Medical Technology?
Privacy
Accessibility
Danger of a New Eugenics Movement
BIOLOGY IN PERSPECTIVE
Scientist Spotlight: Nancy Wexler (1945-)
Life Application: Sex Selection
How Do We Know? How Human Embryonic Stem Cells Can Be Directed to Form Specialized Cells
Technology Connection: Who's the Daddy?
CHAPTER 9 Evolution
How Do Species Arise and Adapt?
case study Lactose Intolerance and the Geographic Variation of Human Traits
9.1. How Does Your Body Reflect an Evolutionary History?
Human (and Mammalian) Testes Hang Loose
You Can Get Scurvy, but Your Pet Can't (Unless You Have Guinea Pigs)
Your Eye Is Organized Backward
9.2. What Convinced Darwin of the Fact of Evolution?
The Voyage of the Beagle
Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection
The Modern Synthesis
9.3. How Do Humans Adapt to Their Environment?
Lactase Persistence
Malaria and Oxidizing Drugs
9.4. How Does Natural Selection Produce Adaptations?
The Grants' 40-Year Study of Natural Selection
Fitness and Natural Selection
Limits of Natural Selection
9.5. What Are Random Events in Evolution?
9.6. What Is the Evidence for Speciation?
Biological Species Concept
Evidence for Speciation
9.7. How Do New Species Arise?
Genetic Isolation
Genetic Divergence
Secondary Contact
9.8. Why Is It So Difficult for the Public to Accept Evolution?
BIOLOGY IN PERSPECTIVE
Scientist Spotlight: Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher (1890-1962)
Technology Connection: Genbank
Life Application: Public Acceptance of Evolution
How Do We Know? Constructing Evolutionary Trees
CHAPTER 10. The Evolution of Disease
Why Do We Get Sick?
case study Deadly Malaria
10.1. In What Ways Is Your Body an Ecosystem?
The Many Species That Live and Evolve in Your Body
The Ecology of Our Resident Species
Species That Cause Disease
10.2. Why Do Diseases Evolve Resistance to Antibiotics?
How Resistance Evolves
Where Resistant Bacteria Come From
Resistance to Multiple Antibiotics
Why Not All Bacteria Are Resistant to Antibiotics
Antibiotics in the Environment
10.3. Why Are Some Diseases More Deadly Than Others?
Why Some Diseases Become Milder over Time
The "Trade-Off " Hypothesis of Reproduction Versus Transmission
10.4. Where Do New Diseases Come From?
Sources of New Diseases
Stages of a New Disease
HIV/AIDS
10.5. How Can Evolution Help Us Control Disease?
Antibiotic Resistance
Vaccinations
Controlling the Spread of Disease to Select for Milder Forms
BIOLOGY IN PERSPECTIVE
How Do We Know? The Many Species That Live on You
Life Application: Malaria and DDT
Scientist Spotlight: Paul W. Ewald (1953-)
Technology Connection: How Vaccines Are Made
UNIT 3. PHYSIOLOGY: THE BODY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
CHAPTER 11. Homeostasis
Why is it important that the body maintain its internal balance?
case study Max Gilpin
11.1. What Is Homeostasis?
11.2. How Do Homeostatic Systems Work?
Homeostatic Systems Have Three Parts
Homeostasis Is Achieved Through Negative Feedback
11.3. How Does Your Body Sense Temperature?
Core Temperature Sensors
Skin Temperature Sensors
11.4. How Does Your Body Adjust Temperature?
The Metabolic Furnace
Effectors That Cool the Body
Effectors That Warm the Body
11.5. How Does Your Body Maintain a Constant Temperature?
Sensors and the Hypothalamus
Fever
Conscious Behavior
11.6. How Does Your Body Regulate Its Fluids?
Diffusion
Osmosis
11.7. What Does the Kidney Do?
The Anatomy of the Kidney
The Function of the Kidney
How the Kidney Makes Urine
11.8. How Does the Kidney Maintain Water Balance?
How Water Enters and Leaves the Body
Osmotic Sensors
The Water Balance Effector
The Water Balance Controller
Disrupting the Water Balance
BIOLOGY IN PERSPECTIVE
Life Application: How to Avoid Dehydration
How Do We Know? Hypothalamic Control of Temperature
Scientist Spotlight: Homer William Smith (1895-1962)
Technology Connection: Dialysis
CHAPTER 12. Circulation and Respiration
What If Your Body Doesn't Get the Oxygen It Needs?
case study Blood Doping at the Tour de France
12.1. How Much Oxygen Do You Need?
12.2. How Is the Circulatory System Structured?
The Heart
Arteries
Capillary Beds
Veins
Blood
12.3. How Is the Respiratory System Structured?
Lungs
The Respiratory Pump
Nose and Mouth
12.4. How Do You Breathe?
Getting Oxygen
Transporting Oxygen
Delivering Oxygen
Returning to the Lungs
The Chemistry of Gas Exchange
12.5. How Does Blood Pressure Vary Throughout Your Body?
12.6. How Are the Respiratory and Circulatory Systems Controlled?
Control of Respiration
Control of Blood Pressure
Control of Heart Rate
12.7. What Happens When the Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Malfunction?
Atherosclerosis
Heart Attack
Stroke
Asthma
BIOLOGY IN PERSPECTIVE
Life Application: How Erections Are Produced
How Do We Know? Measuring Blood Pressure
Scientist Spotlight: Michael Ellis DeBakey (1908-2008)
Technology Connection: Cardiopulmonary Bypass Machine
CHAPTER 13. The Nervous System
Does Your Brain Determine Who You Are?
case study "The Only Living Man with a Hole in His Head"
13.1. What Are the Parts of the Human Brain, and What Do They Do?
Hindbrain
Midbrain
Forebrain
13.2. What Was Wrong with Phineas Gage's Brain?
13.3. How Is the Nervous System Organized, and What Does It Do?
Overview of Organization
The Central Nervous System
The Peripheral Nervous System
Sensing
Putting It All Together
13.4. How Does Cell Communication Lead to Nervous System Function?
Neurons Are the Basic Building Blocks of the Nervous System
How Neurons Talk to Each Other . . .
. . . And What They Say
13.5. What If the Nervous System Is Injured or Diseased?
Injury
Infection
Neurodegenerative Diseases
13.6. Can Mental Health Be Separated from Physical Health?
Common Mental Health Issues
Drug Use and Abuse
13.7. Can Nervous System Injuries and Illnesses Be Cured?
Drugs
Surgery
Regeneration and Stem Cells
Minimizing Damage
BIOLOGY IN PERSPECTIVE
Technology Connection: Measuring Brain Activity
Scientist Spotlight: Linda B. Buck (1947-)
Life Application: Concussion
How Do We Know? The Pleasure Centers of the Brain
CHAPTER 14. Infectious Disease and the Immune System
How Are Invaders Repelled, Evaded, or Killed?
case study The Summer of Sorrow
14.1. What Causes Cholera?
John Snow's Explanation for How Cholera Spreads
Robert Koch's Explanation for What Causes Cholera
How Cholera Affects the Body
How Vibrio Bacteria Survive and Spread Cholera
14.2. What Invaders Do We Face?
Bacteria
Protozoa and Other Eukaryotes
Viruses and Prions
14.3. How Does the Immune System Protect Us?
The First Line of Defense: Don't Let the Pathogens Get In
The Second Line of Defense: Don't Let the Pathogens Make a Home
The Third Line of Defense: Know Your Enemy
When the Immune System Fails
14.4. How Can We Harness the Immune System?
Natural Immunity
Vaccination
Passive Immunity
14.5. What Can Help If Our Immune System Fails?
Antivenom
Antibodies
Antibiotics
14.6. How Can We Prevent the Spread of Infectious Disease?
Wellness
Hygiene
Clean Water and Sewers
Proper Antibiotic Use
Vaccines
BIOLOGY IN PERSPECTIVE
How Do We Know? The Immune Response Is Two-Fisted
Life Application: Organ and Tissue Transplantation
Technology Connection: Monoclonal Antibodies: Magic Bullets?
Scientist Spotlight: Anthony S. Fauci (1940-)
CHAPTER 15. Nutrition, Activity, and Wellness
How Can We Live a Healthy Lifestyle?
case study Dying for the "Perfect Body"
15.1. How Does What You Eat Influence Your Well-Being?
Food Quantity and Quality
Water
Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Fats
Vitamins, Minerals, and Dietary Fiber
15.2. How Does the Body Extract Nutrients from Food?
From the Mouth to the Stomach
The Stomach and Small Intestine
The Pancreas and Liver
From the Intestine to the Bloodstream
15.3. How Do Cells Extract Energy from Food?
Cell Respiration
The Chemistry of Cell Respiration
15.4. What Can a Person Do to Maintain a Healthy Weight?
Basal Metabolic Rate
Average Dimensions
The Body/Mass Index
15.5. What If Weight Becomes an Obsession?
Eating Disorders
Steroid Abuse
15.6. How Do Muscles and Bones Keep Us Active?
Muscles and Bones
Moving Muscles
15.7. How Can You Keep in Shape?
Exercise
Supplements
15.8. How Do We Balance Looking Good with Being Healthy?
Weight and Body Image
Physical Activity
Sleep, Laughter, and Stress Management
BIOLOGY IN PERSPECTIVE
Scientist Spotlight: Linus Pauling (1901-1994)
Life Application: Drunkorexia
Technology Connection: "Guaranteed" Six-Pack Abs
How Do We Know? Stress Weakens the Immune Response
UNIT 4. INTERACTING WITH NATURE
CHAPTER 16. Ecology
How Do We Benefit from a Functional Ecosystem?
case study The Near-Extinction of Kirtland's Warbler
16.1. How Do Species Adapt to Their Habitat?
Adapting to Physical Conditions
Adapting to Limited Shelter
16.2. Why Do Species Compete?
The Competitive Exclusion Principle
Instances when Competitors May Coexist
16.3. How Do Species Exploit One Another?
Population Cycles
An Evolutionary Arms Race
16.4. When Can Species Cooperate?
16.5. How Do Ecological Interactions Aff ect Us?
We Compete with Other Species
We Develop Useful Products and Ideas as a Result of Exploitation Interactions
We Capitalize on Mutualisms
16.6. What Does a Functioning Ecosystem Do?
Exploitation Interactions Distribute Energy and Nutrients
Ecosystems Recycle Material on a Global Scale
16.7. What Benefits Do We Get from a Functioning Ecosystem?
Ecosystem Services
Disruptions to Ecosystem Services
Biodiversity
BIOLOGY IN PERSPECTIVE
Scientist Spotlight: Robert Helmer MacArthur (1930-1972)
Technology Connection: Biological Control of Schistosomiasis
How Do We Know? Long-Term Ecological Research
Life Application: Ecology and Human Conflict
CHAPTER 17. Biodiversity and Human Affairs
How Is the Human Race Like a Meteorite?
case study The Discovery of America
17.1. What Are the Components of Biodiversity?
17.2. What Areas Have the Highest Biodiversity?
The Latitudinal Gradient
Why the Gradient Exists
17.3. What Can Islands Tell Us About Biodiversity?
17.4. Why Do Different Regions Have Different Species?
Biogeographic Realms
Wallace's Line
17.5. How does Biodiversity Change Through Time?
17.6. Why Is Biodiversity Needed for a Healthy Ecosystem?
Productivity, Stability, and Ecosystem Health
Why Biodiversity Increases Productivity
Why Biodiversity Increases Stability
How Biodiversity Keeps the Food Web Intact
17.7. Why Should We Preserve Biodiversity?
The Spotted Owl Controversy
Long-Term Benefi ts of an Old-Growth Forest
How Old-Growth Forests Provide Ecosystem Services
17.8. How Do We Keep Track of Biodiversity?
The Species Diversity Index
Indicator Species and Satellite Images
17.9. Why Might We Be Facing the Sixth Mass Extinction?
The Blitzkrieg Hypothesis
Background Extinction
Human Activity Threatens Biodiversity
17.10. How Can We Preserve Biodiversity?
BIOLOGY IN PERSPECTIVE
Life Application: The Importance of Genetic Diversity
How Do We Know? Experimental Island Zoogeography
Technology Connection: Satellite Imagery
Scientist Spotlight: E. O. Wilson (1929-)
CHAPTER 18. Human Population Growth
How Many People Can a Single Planet Hold?
case study A Story About Bacteria
18.1. How Can Populations Grow So Fast?
The Difference Between Linear and Exponential Growth
Defining Growth Rate
Determining Growth Rate
Equilibrium
Doubling Time
18.2. Why Don't Populations Grow Forever?
The Effects of Population Density
Logistic Growth
Our Carrying Capacity
18.3. How Is Population Growth Influenced by Age and Sex?
Age, Sex, and Population Growth
Age Pyramids
18.4. Why Do Developing and Developed Countries Grow Differently?
Total Fertility and Age at First Reproduction
Fertility and Mortality Differences
Family Planning Differences
Demographic Transition
18.5. How Do We Use Information About Population Growth?
The Constitution and the Census
Planning for Population Shifts
Resource Depletion
The Limits to Growth
BIOLOGY IN PERSPECTIVE
How Do We Know? Modeling Population Growth
Scientist Spotlight: Donnella Meadows (1941-2001)
Life Application: The Demographics of China
Technology Connection: Male Contraception
Answers to Selected Questions
Glossary
Credits
Index