and#8220;In this excellent synthesis of reefs past and present, Goldberg shows the great diversity of organisms that add structural complexity to the marine environment. . . . This is a great resource, and is fully referenced for those who want to delve further into a particular subject. Highly recommended.and#8221;
and#8220;Overall, this book provides a detailed account of all things reef-related: what they are, where they came from, and where they are going. While the book discusses current controversies and challenges to both the study of reefs and reef health itself, it does not have a pessimistic tone. In fact, the beautiful illustrations and pictures, and the facts and information about reefs and their inhabitants, will go a long way toward inspiring a new generation of students to appreciate reefs in all their intricate detail.and#8221;
and#8220;At a time when the word Biodiversity is almost everywhere, from scientists to the general public, from scientific journals and international conferences to newspapers, this book comes at the right time to give body to this concept with clear examples, and to summarise the growing literature in the various fields concerning the diversity and functions of reef organisms and structures, including biology, physiology, biogeography, ecology, geology and paleontology. This book shows not only the richness of these ecosystems and their ecological and biological complexity but also their vulnerability and the need to protect them rapidly, as well as the gaps in our knowledge.and#8221;
and#8220;In the stunningly short space of half a lifetime the worldand#8217;s coral reefs have melted before our eyes into other things, from multihued to brown, from labyrinthine to flattened, from hard and waxing to brittle and waning, from boom towns glutted by fishes to ghost towns gutted of inhabitants. . . . Now it is our job to train a new generation of coral reef scientistsand#8212;natural, social, and syntheticand#8212;on whose shoulders fall a massive exercise in clinical ecology: the stewarding of our most diverse, productive, and beloved of marine ecosystems into a more certain future in spite of all that we are and all that we have done. . . . As a general text on coral reef biology for college undergraduates, entry-level graduate students, or very advanced high school students, this one as yet has no equal. . . . We are witnessing an event of majesty and horror that is both preventable (though too late for that) and reversible (if we act hard and soon). This book is an essential tool in the campaign to ready our successors for the wonder, the discoveries, and the battles that lie ahead.and#8221;
and#8220;I especially appreciated the elements of page design that interweave structure, function, and often paleontology to give the reader a more holistic view of organism-to-ecosystem ecology and evolution. . . . The extensive use of photographs taken by experts in the field, combined with diagrams derived from the primary literature, puts this 401-page book in the category of and#8216;must have on my bookshelf.and#8217; . . . The Biology of Reefs and Reef Organisms is clearly a painstakingly assembled labor of love.and#8221;
andldquo;Reef biologyandmdash;a sizable field of researchandmdash;is becoming more pertinent as anthropogenic factors negatively impact fragile marine ecosystems. Encapsulating and accurately communicating the main aspects of reef biology in a single text is a real challenge, yet The Biology of Reefs and Reef Organisms by Walter Goldberg manages to achieve this feat. The text covers a large breadth of content, while still providing in-depth descriptions of the many aspects of reef biology. . . . Its comprehensive nature makes it a major accomplishment for a single author and an extremely useful resource for the field of reef biology.andrdquo;
1) An Introduction to the Structure and Formation of Modern Reefs The Nature and Origins of Reefs
Frame Reef Formation and Structure
Bioerosion
Reef Growth and the Carbonate Budget
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Pluses and Minuses
Coral Reefs
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Limits to Coral Reef Distribution
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Types of Reefs
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Reef Zonation
The Evolution of Modern Reefs
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Tectonic Forces
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Sea Level Changes and Reef Growth
2) Reef Minerals and Mineralization
Calcium Carbonates
A Little Crystallography
Biomineralization
3) Reef Cyanobacteria
Overview
Cyanobacterial Form and Function
Rock and Reef-Associated Cyanobacteria
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Bioerosion
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Calcifying Cyanobacteria
Stromatolite Formation
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Trapping the Sediment
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Cementing the Record
Nitrogen Fixation and Trophic Relationships
4) Reef Algae and Foraminiferans
Overview
The Chlorophyta
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Endolithic Microalgae
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Halimeda, an Extraordinary Calcifying Macrophyte
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Reproduction in Halimeda and Other Chlorophytes
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; The Biology of Some Other Calcareous Chlorophytes
Brown Algae
Red Algae
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Red Algal Calcification
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Contributions of Crustose Corallines to Reef Structure
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Trophic Relationships
Turf Algae
Foraminiferida
5) Reef Sponges
Overview
Groups of Sponges and Their Skeletal Structures
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Glass Sponges
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Demosponges
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Calcisponges
The Structural and Functional Roles of Sponges on Reefs
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Reef Growth and Recovery: Binding and Stabilization
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Bioeroding Sponges
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Hexactinellid Reefs
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Modern and Ancient Coralline Sponges
Trophic Dynamics and Ecological Interactions
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; The Aquiferous System and Sponge Feeding
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Microbial Symbionts
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Predation and Sponge Chemistry
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Sponges as Habitats
6) Reef Corals and Their Allies
Overview
Reef Hydrozoa
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; The Milleporid Corals
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Stylasterines
Introduction to the Anthozoa
Uncalcified Reef Anthozoans
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Sea Anemones
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Zoantharians and Corallimorpharians
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Antipatharians
Calcified Anthozoans
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; The Scleractinians
The Octocorals
Deep-sea Corals and Coral Reefs
Coral Reproduction
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Asexual Modes
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Sexual Modes
7) Annelids and Sipunculans
Overview
Free-moving Polychaetes
Tubicolous and Burrowing Polychaetes
Polychaete Bioeroders
Polychaete Reproduction
Sipunculans
8) Reef Mollusca
Overview
Mollusc Shell Structure
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Pearls
Molluscs as Carbonate Builders, Borers, and Scrapers
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; The Polyplacophora
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; The Gastropoda
Bivalves
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Reef-building Bivalves
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Endolithic Bivalves
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Ancient Rudist Bivalves
9) Reef Lophophorate and Protochordate Phyla
The Bryozoa
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Overview
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Reef Bryozoa
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; The Vicissitudes of the Ancient Bryozoa
Brachiopods
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Overview
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Brachiopods on Reefs
Tunicates
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Overview
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Didemnid Ascidians
10) Reef Crustacea
Overview
The Maxillopoda
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Copepoda
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Cirripedia
The Malacostraca
Decapod Crustaceans
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Shrimps
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Brachyuran Crabs
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Hermit Crabs
Coral-Decapod Communities
11) Reef Echinoderms
Overview
Echinoidea
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Diadema
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Echinometra
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Eucidaris
Asteroidea
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; The Crown of Thorns
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Oreasterids
Reef Crinoids
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Symbionts
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Crinoid Paleobiology
12) The Effect of Feeding by Reef Fishes on Corals and Coral Reefs
Overview
Coral Reef Herbivores
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Herbivory and its Deterrence
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Nominal Herbivory
The Special Role of Scarine Fishes
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; The Scrapers
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; The Excavators
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; The Browsers
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Food Milling by Parrotfishes
Corallivorous Damselfishes and Their Gardens
Fishes That Perch or Live on Corals
Benthic Predatory Fishes: Their Influence on Corals and Coral Reefs
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Corallivorous and Other Durophagous Fishes
13) A Brief History of Reefs and Corals
Microbialite Reefs of the Precambrian
Reefs of the Paleozoic Era
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; The Cambrian
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; The Ordovician
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Silurian Reefs
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Devonian Reefs
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Carboniferous Reefs
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Permian Reefs
Reefs of the Mesozoic Era
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; The Triassic
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Jurassic Reefs
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; The Cretaceous and the Rise of the Rudista
Reefs of the Cenozoic Era
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; The Paleocene Epoch, 65andndash;56 Mya
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; The Eocene and Oligocene Epochs, 56andndash;23 Mya
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; The Miocene Epoch, 23andndash;5 Mya
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; The Pliocene and Pleistocene Epochs, 5 Myaandndash;11.7 kya
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Are Ancient Reefs the Key to the Present?
14) Ecology, Diversity, and Biogeography of Coral Reefs
Different Types of Diversity
Diversity and Life Cycle Processes
Spawning Mode, Dispersal, and Connectivity
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Connectivity
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Getting There and Staying There
Diversity and Coexistence
Diversity at Geographic Scales: Biogeography
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Hotspots and the Role of Commonness and Rarity in Coral Reefand#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Biodiversity
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; The Coral Triangle
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Departure from the Coral Triangle
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Crossing the Pacific
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; The Western Atlantic and the Greater Caribbean
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; The Brazilian Province
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; The Tropical Eastern Atlantic
15) Reefs Now and in the Next 100 Years
and#160;Climate Change
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; The Global Carbon Cycle
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Global Public Goods Gone Bad
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; The Impacts of Increased Dissolved CO2
and#160;The Biology of Coraland#160; Bleaching and Disease
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Types and Causes of Coral Bleaching
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Recovery from Bleaching
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Coral Disease
and#160;Direct and Indirect Effects of Human Activities on Reefs
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Destructive Fishing Practices
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Overfishing
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Fishing on Deep Sea Coral Reefs
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Coral Mining
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Loss of Water Quality
16) Reef Resilience, Loss of Biodiversity, and the Role of Conservation
Acclimatization, Resistance, and Avoidance
Resilience and Phase Shifts
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Functional Redundancy, Species Richness, and Resilience
Synergies and Loss of Resilience
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Jamaica: A Case History
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Early Warning?
Stemming the Tide: Sanctuaries, Reserves, and Marine Protected Areas
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Protection is Relative
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Sanctuaries and Marine Protected Areas in the United States
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; The Worldandrsquo;s Largest Marine Protected Area
Design and Function of Marine Reserves
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Results of Protection
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Reserve Sites
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Reserve Maturity and Size
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Reserve Networks
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Stepping Stones, Corridors, and Habitat Diversity
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Loss of Connectivity
Are Reserves Enough?
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; What Must be Done
Appendices
I.and#160;Wentworth Scale (Grain Size)
II.and#160;Coral Reefs of the World (a-d)
III.and#160;Zooxanthellae Clade Distribution
IV.and#160;Geological Time Scale
V.and#160;Taxa Referred to in This Text
Glossary
Index