For researchers already familiar with biomass conversion technologies and for professionals in other fields, such as agriculture, food, and chemical industries, here is a comprehensive review of the emerging biorefinery industry. The book's content has been conveniently organized according to technologies (biomass feedstock and pretreatment, hydrolytic enzymes in biorefinery, and biofuels), with each chapter highlighting an important biobased industrial product. For undergraduate and graduate students, the book is a thorough introduction to biorefinery technologies.
Preface
Chapter 1. Integrated Biorefinery for Sustainable Production of Fuels, Chemicals and Polymers
Shang-Tian Yang and Mingrui Yu
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Biorefineries using corn, soybeans and sugarcane
1.3 Lignocellulosic biorefinery
1.4 Aquacultures and algae biorefinery
1.5 Chemical and biological conversions for fuels and chemicals production
1.6 Conclusions and future prospects
References
Chapter 2. The Outlook of Sugar and Starch Crops in Biorefinery
Klanarong Sriroth and Kuakoon Piyachomkwan
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Sugar crops
2.3 Starch crops
2.4 Uses of sugar and starch crops in biorefinery
2.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3. Novel and Traditional Oil Crops and Their Biorefinery Potential
Johann Vollmann and Margit Laimer
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Oil crop breeding and its bioprocessing potential
3.3. Novel oil crops
3.4. Traditional oil crops
3.5. Perspectives for non-food oil crop production
References
Chapter 4. Energy Crops
Walter Zegada-Lizarazu and Andrea Monti
4.1. What are dedicated energy crops?
4.2. Annual crops
4.3. Perennial herbaceous crops
4.4. Short rotation woody crops
4.5. Why to grow energy crops?
4.6. Barriers to energy crops
4.7. Conclusions
References
Chapter 5. Microalgae as Feedstock for Biofuels and Biochemicals
Dong Wei
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The importance of microalgae as feedstock for biofuels and biochemicals
5.3 New techniques for screening and selection of microalgae
5.4 Production of microalgal biomass in industry
5.5 Bioprocessing of microalgal biomass for biofuels production
5.6 Conclusion and future prospects
References
Chapter 6. Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass
Tae Hyun Kim
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Structure and composition of lignocellulosic biomass
6.3. Challenges in bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass
6.4. Pretreatment technologies
6.5. Pretreatment strategies in bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass into fuels and chemicals
6.6. Pretreatment or fractionation: a role of pretreatment in the biorefinery concept
6.7. Integration of pretreatment into the biomass conversion process
References
Chapter 7. Amylases: Characteristics, Sources, Production and Applications
Hesham A. El Enshasy,Yasser R. Abdel Fattah, and Nor Zalina Othman
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Starch (the amylases substrate)
7.3 Amylases in nature
7.4 Types of Amylases
7.5 Amylases mode of action
7.6 Amylases family classification
7.7 Amylases structure
7.8 Industrial production 7.8.1 a -amylase
7.9 Amylases stability7.9.1 Production by extremophilic microorganisms
7.10 Industrial applications
7.11 Future trends
References
Chapter 8. Cellulases: Characteristics, Sources, Production and Applications
Xiao-Zhou Zhang and Y.-H. Percival Zhang
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Cellulases and their roles in cellulose hydrolysis
8.3. Cellulase improvement efforts
8.4. The applications and productions of cellulase
8.5. Consolidated bioprocessing
8.6. Perspectives
References
Chapter 9. Xylanases: Characteristics, Sources, Production and Applications
Evangelos Topakas,Gianni Panagiotou, and Paul Christakopoulos
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Biochemical characteristics of xylanases
9.3. Xylanase production
9.4. Application of xylanases
References
Chapter 10. Lignin Degrading Enzymes An Overview
Rajni Hatti-Kaul and Victor Ibrahim
10.1. Introduction Lignin as renewable resource
10.2. The lignin degraders
10.3. Ligninolytic peroxidases
10.4. Laccase the blue enzyme
10.5. Lignin degrading auxiliary enzymes
10.6. Production of lignin modifying enzymes
10.7. Applications of lignin modifying enzymes
10.8. Ligninolytic enzymes implications for lignin degradation and future lignocellulose biorefineries
References
Chapter 11. Advances in Lignocellulosic Bioethanol
Reeta Rani Singhania, Parameswaran Binod, and Ashok Pandey
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Bioethanol vs. environment: Controversies
11.3 Lignocellulosic Biomass - The ubiquitous raw material
11.4 Pretreatment - preparation of biomass for enzymatic hydrolysis
11.5 Enzymatic hydrolysis
11.6 Biotechnological approaches in lignocellulosic bioconversion
11.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12. Biodiesel Properties and Alternative Feedstocks
Bryan R. Moser
12.1. Introduction 12.2. Biodiesel Standards
12.3. Catalysts
12.4. Preparation of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters
12.5. Preparation of Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters
12.6. Influence of Free Fatty Acids on Biodiesel Production
12.7. Alternative Production Methods
12.8. Advantages and Disadvantages of Biodiesel
12.9. Typical Fatty Acids Found in Most Vegetable Oil Feedstocks
12.10. Influence of Biodiesel Composition on Fuel Properties
12.11. Why Alternative Feedstocks for Biodiesel Production?
12.12. Alternative Oilseed Feedstocks
12.13. Animal Fats
12.14. Other waste oils
12.15. Microalgae
12.16. Future Outlook for Biodiesel
References
Chapter 13. Biological Production of Butanol and Higher Alcohols
Jingbo Zhao, Congcong Lu, Chih-Chin Chen, and Shang-Tian Yang
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Industrial ABE fermentation for n-butanol production
13.3. n-Butanol production by solventogenic Clostridium
13.4. Engineering microorganisms for biosynthesis of higher alcohols
13.5. Production of higher alcohols by hybrid bio-chemical process
13.6. Conclusions and future perspectives References
Chapter 14. Advancement of Bio-hydrogen Production and Its Integration with Fuel Cell Technology
Jong-Hwan Shin and Tai Hyun Park
14. 1. Introduction
14.2. Biophotolysis
14.3. Photodecomposition
14.4. Dark fermentation
14.5. Factors influencing hydrogen production in dark fermentation
14.6. Genetic modification of fermentative bacteria
14.7. Other efforts for the production of bio-hydrogen
14.8. Integration of bio-hydrogen production system with fuel cell
14.9. Conclusion
References
Chapter 15. Biogas TechnologyG. Busch
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Fundamentals of the biogas process
15.3. Process layout and fermenter design
15.4. Biogas from biowaste and municipal solid waste
References
Chapter 16. Production of Lactic Acid and Polylactic Acid for Industrial Applications
Nuttha Thongchul
16.1.History of lactic acid
16.2.Properties of lactic acid
16.3.Applications and market of lactic acid and its derivative, polylactic acid
16.4.Lactic acid fermentation
16.5.Lactic acid recovery from fermentation broth
16.6.Overview of polylactic syntheses
16.7.Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 17. Production of Succinic Acid from Renewable Resources
Jongho Yi, Sol Choi, Min-Sun Han, Jeong Wook Lee, and Sang Yup Lee
17.1. Overview
17.2. Development of succinic acid producers
17.3. Carbon sources
17.4. Fermentation process optimization
17.5. Succinic acid recovery and purification
17.6. Future perspectives on the bio-based succinic acid production
References
Chapter 18. Propionic Acid Fermentation
Zhongqiang Wang, Jianxin Sun, An Zhang, and Shang-Tian Yang
18.1. Introduction
18.2. Propionic acid bacteria
18.3. Metabolic engineering of propionibacteria
18.4. Fermentation Processes
18.5. Fermentation with in-situ product recovery
18.6. Conclusions and future perspectives
References
Chapter 19. Anaerobic Fermentations for the Production of Acetic and Butyric Acids
Shang-Tian Yang, Mingrui Yu, Wei-Lun Chang, and I-Ching Tang
19.1. Introduction
19.2 Microbial production of acetic acid
19.3 Microbial production of butyric acid
19.4 Metabolic engineering of acidogenic clostridia
19.5. Fermentation processes for carboxylic acids production 19.5.1 Operating mode
19.7. Conclusions
References
Chapter 20. Production of Citric, Itaconic, Fumaric and Malic Acids in Filamentous Fungal Fermentations
Kun Zhang, Baohua Zhang, and Shang-Tian Yang
20.1. Introduction
20.2. History and current production methods
20.3. Microorganisms
20.4. Metabolic pathways for carboxylic acid biosynthesis in filamentous fungi
20.5. Metabolic engineering and systems biology for strain improvement
20.6. Filamentous Fungal Fermentation Process
20.7. Product separation and purification
20.8. Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 21. Biotechnological Development for the Production of 1,3-Propanediol and 2,3-Butandiol
Youngsoon Um and Kyung-Duk Kim
21.1. Introduction
21.2. Microbial production of 1,3-propanediol21.2.1. 1,3-propanediol
21.3. Microbial production of 2,3-butanediol
21.4. Conclusion
References
Chapter 22. Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates in Biomass Refining
Jian Yu
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Microbial Synthesis of Polyhydroxyalkanoates
22.3 Purification of PHA Biopolyesters
22.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 23. Microbial Production of Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid
Zhinan Xu, Huili Zhang, Hao Chen, Feng Shi, Jin Huang, Shufang Wang, and Cunjiang Song
23.1. Introduction
23.2. γ-PGA producing microorganisms and related biosynthesis pathways
23.3. Bioprocess development for γ-PGA production
23.4 Direct utilization of glucose for γ-PGA biosynthesis
23.5. Separation and characterization of γ-PGA from fermentation broth
23.6. Modifications and applications of γ-PGA
References
Chapter 24. Refining Food Processing Byproducts for Value-Added Functional Ingredients
Kequan Zhou, Yuting Zhou, and Y. Martin Lo
24.1. Introduction
24.2. Dietary Fiber
24.3. Antioxidants
24.4. Food Colorants
24.5. Concluding Remarks
References