Synopses & Reviews
Synopsis
Excerpt from Celebes
When, about the middle of the seventeenth century, the Dutch first landed in Celebes, the Portuguese were already carrying on a thriving trade with the state of Macassar and they succeeded in rendering the Sultan so hostile to the new-comers that, before the latter could safely establish themselves, the Dutch East India Company was obliged to undertake several armed expeditions. The last and most successful of these was. That of 1666 under Cornelis Speelman, whose victory Over the Sultan was complete, and was followed in 1667, 1668, and 1669 by the conclusion of a series of treaties with most of the other rulers of southern Celebes, a confederation being thus formed which acted as a counterweight to Macassar.
In 1681 the Sultan of Ternate, who held sway over the small states of northern Celebes, was likewise defeated by the Company, which thus became possessed both of Ternate with its island of Halmaheira, and of north-eastern Celebes (minahasa); and a fort was built in 1702 near the town of Menado.
When the temporary British occupation of Dutch possessions at the beginning of the nineteenth century came to an end, the rulers Of all territories affected by the treaties of 1667, 1668, and 1669 assembled at Macassar, and in 1825 signed a revised agreement, by which they confirmed the existence of their confedera tion and the suzerainty of Holland. The state Of Boni, however, with its vassals Tanette and Soepa, stood out; and, although all three were subjugated by the end of 1825, fresh troubles arose in Boni, which were not finally overcome till 1860, while as recently as 1904 an expedition had to be sent to Gowa in the neighbourhood of Macassar.
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