Synopses & Reviews
Read the Introduction.
"Jonathan Birnbaum and Clarence Taylor have plumbed historical documents to produce a study that has both truth and urgency. . . . You could not do better than this book."
Jewish Currents
Winner of the 2001 Gustavus Myers Program Book Award.
"As a reference book, Civil Rights Since 1787 serves as an outstanding source. The book gives a lucid account of the history ofinstitutional slavery and racism in America that is all too oftenperplexing when presented by educational texts."
--Chicago Streetwise
"An unusually challenging illumination of our still very unfinished history of equal protection of the laws. No classroom, library, or legislature at any level should be without it, and nearly everyone will want to argue with parts of it."
--Nat Hentoff, author of Living the Bill of Rights and Free Speech for Me--But Not for Thee
"Civil Rights Since 1787 is one of those rare documentary collections that rewrites history. Birnbaum and Taylor not only take a long and wide view of the movement, but they persuasively re-define civil rights to encompass many criticle struggles for social justice. This book is indispensable."
--Robin D.G. Kelley, author of Race Rebels: Culture, Politics, and the Black Working Class
"This is a particularly valuable collection, an excellent reader on the struggle for racial equality."
--Howard Zinn, author of A People's History of the United States
". . .Ollman's and Birnbaum's book is a good measure of the essential core of progressive politicsand a particularly welcome one at this juncture."Monthly Review
Contrary to simple textbook tales, the civil rights movement did not arise spontaneously in 1954 with the landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision. The black struggle for civil rights can be traced back to the arrival of the first Africans, and to their work in the plantations, manufacturies, and homes of the Americas. Civil rights was thus born as labor history.
Civil Rights Since 1787 tells the story of that struggle in its full context, dividing the struggle into six major periods, from slavery to Reconstruction, from segregation to the Second Reconstruction, and from the current backlash to the future prospects for a Third Reconstruction. The "prize" that the movement has sought has often been reduced to a quest for the vote in the South. But all involved in the struggle have always known that the prize is much more than the vote, that the goal is economic as well as political. Further, in distinction from other work, Civil Rights Since 1787 establishes the links between racial repression and the repression of labor and the left, and emphasizes the North as a region of civil rights struggle.
Featuring the voices and philosophies of orators, activists, and politicians, this anthology emphasizes the role of those ignored by history, as well as the part that education and religion have played in the movement. Civil Rights Since 1787 serves up an informative mix of primary documents and secondary analysis and includes the work of such figures as Ella Baker, Mary Frances Berry, Clayborne Carson, Frederick Douglass, W. E. B. DuBois, Eric Foner, Herb Gutman, Fannie Lou Hamer, A. Leon Higginbotham, Darlene Clark Hine, Jesse Jackson, Malcolm X, Martin Luther King, Manning Marable, Nell Painter, Frances Fox Piven and Richard Cloward, A. Philip Randolph, Mary Church Terrell, and Howard Zinn.
Table of Contents
Introduction: It Didn't Start in 1954
Jonathan Birnbaum and Clarence Taylor
Part i: Slavery: America's First Compromise1 Introduction: Original Sin
Jonathan Birnbaum and Clarence Taylor
2 The International Slave Trade
Philip Foner
3 Slavery, the Constitution, and the Founding Fathers
Mary Frances Berry
4 Our Pro-Slavery Constitution William Lloyd Garrison
5 Slave Religion, Rebellion, and Docility
Albert J. Raboteau
6 1787 Petition for Equal Educational Facilities
Rev. Prince Hall et al.
7 The Abolitionist Movement
Herbert Aptheker
8 Too Long Have Others Spoken for Us Freedom's Journal
9 Education for Black Women
Matilda
10 Walker's Appeal
David Walker
11 On African Rights and Liberty
Maria W. Stewart
12 The Liberator: Opening Editorial William Lloyd Garrison
13 An Address to the Slaves of the United States
Rev. Henry Highland Garnet
14 Free Blacks and Suffrage
Alexis de Tocqueville
15 Silencing Debate: The Congressional Gag Rule
16 Equality before the Law
Charles Sumner
17 Free Blacks and the Fugitive Slave Act Martin Delany
18 The Fugitive Slave Law
Harriet Jacobs
19 What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?
Frederick Douglass
20 Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
21 Illinois No Longer a Free State Chicago Tribune
22 Literacy, Slavery, and Religion
Janet Duitsman Cornelius
23 Who Freed the Slaves?
Ira Berlin
Part II: Reconstruction
24 Introduction: The Second American Revolution Jonathan Birnbaum and Clarence Taylor
25 The Second American Revolution
Eric Foner
26 Schools for Freedom
Herbert Gutman
27 The Southern Black Church Clarence Taylor and Jonathan Birnbaum
28 Forty Acres and a Mule: Special Field Order No. 15
General William Tecumseh Sherman
29 A Proposal for Reconstruction
Thaddeus Stevens
30 Woman's Rights
Sojourner Truth
31 Woman Suffrage Charlotte Rollin
32 Black Women during Reconstruction 131
Frances Ellen Watkins Harper
33 Southern Discomfort 135
Whitelaw Reid
34 The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy 138
Eugene Lawrence
35 Black Workers and Republicans in the South 141David Montgomery
36 The Reconstruction Myth 150
Peyton McCrary
37 The Impeachment of President Andrew Johnson 154
Joshua Zeitz
part iii: Segregation
38 Introduction: Separate and Unequal 161
Jonathan Birnbaum and Clarence Taylor
The Repression of Free Blacks
39 Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) 165
40 Newspapers on Plessy v. Ferguson 170
41 How Disenfranchisement Was Accomplished 172
Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward
42 Lynching 177Ida B. Wells-Barnett
43 The Atlanta Massacre 181
An Educated Negro
44 The Race War in the North 184
William English Walling
45 Jim Crow and the Limits of Freedom, 18901940 190
Neil R. McMillen
46 Blacks and the First Red Scare 199Theodore Kornweibel, Jr.
47 The Second Klan 203
Nancy MacLean
The Black and Progressive Response
48 Black Workers from Reconstruction to the Great Depression 215
Nell Irvin Painter
49 The Atlanta Address 222
Booker T. Washington
50 Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others 226
W. E. B. Du Bois
51 Report of the 1900 Pan-African Conference 232
52 The Niagara Movement Declaration of Principles 234
53 The Task for the Future 238
NAACP
54 Returning Soldiers 242
W. E. B. Du Bois
55 Lynching a Domestic Question? 244
The Messenger
56 Address to President Wilson 246
William Monroe Trotter
57 The Higher Education of Women 249
Anna Julia Cooper
58 Black Women and the Right to Vote 252
Darlene Clark Hine and Christie Anne Farnham
59 Woman Suffrage and the Fifteenth Amendment 260
Mary Church Terrell
60 Woman Suffrage and the Negro 262
The Messenger
61 The Great Migration 264
W. E. B. Du Bois
62 Migration and Political Power 267
The Messenger
63 The Objectives of the Universal Negro
Improvement Association 268
Marcus Garvey
64 The Garvey Milieu 274
Alan Dawley
65 The Scottsboro Case 278
Robin D. G. Kelley
66 Women and Lynching 280
Jacquelyn Dowd Hall
67 Blacks and the New Deal 283
Harvard Sitkoff
68 Mary McLeod Bethune and the Black Cabinet 287
Darlene Clark Hine and Kathleen Thompson
69 Marian Anderson, Eleanor Roosevelt, and the D.A.R. 290
Elmer Anderson Carter
70 Blacks and the CIO 292
Richard Thomas
71 The Harlem Bus Boycott of 1941 298
Dominic J. Capeci, Jr.
72 The March on Washington Movement 303
A. Philip Randolph
73 Executive Order 8802: Establishing the FEPC 307
Franklin D. Roosevelt
74 The Sharecroppers' Tale 309
Paul Buhle
75 The Double V Campaign 315
Edgar T. Rouzeau
76 Nazi and Dixie Nordics 318
Langston Hughes
77 The Civil Rights Congress 321
Gerald Horne
part iv: The Second Reconstruction
78 Introduction: The Modern Civil Rights Movement 327
Jonathan Birnbaum and Clarence Taylor
The Legal Strategy
79 Charles Hamilton Houston and the NAACP Legal Strategy 333
Patricia Sullivan
80 The NAACP and Brown 341
Harvard Sitkoff
81 Brown v. Board of Education (1954) 349
82 Mississippi Murders 355
Myrlie Evers with William Peters
Labor Days
83 Labor, Radicals, and the Civil Rights Movement 363
Robert Korstad and Nelson Lichtenstein
84 Migration and Electoral Politics 383
Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward
85 To Secure These Rights 388
The President's Committee on Civil Rights
86 Executive Order 9981: Barring Segregation in the Armed Forces 394
Harry S. Truman
87 The Second Red Scare: The Cold War in Black America 396
Manning Marable
88 Remembering Jackie Robinson 409
Peter Dreier
89 Paul Robeson and the House Un-American
Activities Committee 412
90 The Highlander School 416
Myles Horton
91 If the Negro Wins, Labor Wins 421
Martin Luther King, Jr.
92 CORE and the Pacifist Roots of Civil Rights 428
Milton Viorst
The Churches' Hour
93 The Baton Rouge Bus Boycott 435
Aldon Morris
94 Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott 443
Herbert Kohl
95 The Social Organization of Nonviolence 457
Martin Luther King, Jr.
96 SCLC and The Beloved Community 461
97 On King's Influences and Borrowings 464
Arnold Rampersad
98 Women and Community Leadership 467
Ella Baker
99 The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 472
Howard Zinn
100 SNCC Statement of Purpose 474
James M. Lawson, Jr.
101 Suppose Not Negroes but Men of Property Were
Being Beaten in Mississippi 475
I. F. Stone
102 Letter from Birmingham City Jail 477
Martin Luther King, Jr.
103 Television Address on Civil Rights 490
John F. Kennedy
104 What Really Happened at the March on Washington? 493
Nicolaus Mills
105 Which Side Is the Federal Government On? 501
John Lewis
106 I Have a Dream 504
Martin Luther King, Jr.
107 Movie Myths about Mississippi Summer 508
Nicolaus Mills
108 Freedom Schools 511
Howard Zinn
109 The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party 517
Southern Exposure
110 Testimony before the 1964 DNC Credentials Committee 521
Fannie Lou Hamer
111 Civil Rights and Black Protest Music 524
Bernice Johnson Reagon
112 From Protest to Politics 528
Bayard Rustin
113The Selma Movement and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 539
Steven F. Lawson
114 Address on Voting Rights 546
Lyndon Johnson
Economic Justice: The North Has Problems Too
115 Report of the National Advisory Commissionon Civil Disorders 553
Kerner Commission
116 The Watts Uprising 555
Gerald Horne
117 The Great Society 561
Lyndon Johnson
118 The SCLC and Chicago 565
Adam Fairclough
119 Resurrection City and the Poor People's Campaign 574
I. F. Stone
120 The Welfare Rights Movement 580
James MacGregor Burns and Stewart Burns
Black Power
121 We Must Have Justice 587
Elijah Muhammad
122 The Ballot or the Bullet 589
Malcolm X
123 Malcolm and Martin: A Common Solution 604
Clayborne Carson
124 What We Want 611
Stokely Carmichael
125 The Black Panther Party Ten-Point Program 615
Huey Newton
126 The Black Panther Party 618
Clayborne Carson and David Malcolm Carson
127 Women and the Black Panther Party 621
Angela G. Brown
128 Black Power and Labor 624
William L. Van Deburg
Electoral and Street Politics
129 The Nixon Administration and Civil Rights 631
William Clay
130 The Gary Black Political Convention of 1972 635
Manning Marable
131 Police Violence and Riots 641
John Conyers, Jr.
132 Rodney King, Police Brutality, and Riots 645
Nell Irvin Painter
133 Black Power in the Age of Jackson 649
Andrew Kopkind
134 Race and the Democrats 655
Richard A. Cloward and Frances Fox Piven
135 Mississippi Abolishes Slavery 659
Reuters North American Wire Service
136 Undercounting Minorities 661
Clarence Lusane
137 The Color of Money 663
Public Campaign Discrimination: Ongoing Examples
138 The Possessive Investment in Whiteness 669
George Lipsitz
139 Discrimination and Racism Continue 679
John Conyers, Jr.
140 Education's Savage Inequalities 684
Steven Wishnia
141 Shopping While Black 688
Lena Williams
142 Environmental Racism 692
Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., and Dennis Rivera
Affirmative Action
143 Affirmative Action and History 697
Eric Foner
144 The Great White Myth 700
Anna Quindlen
145 How the Press Frames Affirmative Action 702
Janine Jackson
146 Position Paper on Affirmative Action 708
National Employment Lawyers Association
part v:Backlash Redux
147 Introduction: Redemption II 717
Jonathan Birnbaum and Clarence Taylor
The Roots of Backlash
148 The Southern Manifesto 721
149 George Wallace and the Roots of Modern Republicanism 725
Taylor Branch
150 Segregation Forever 731
George Wallace
151 The Southern Strategy 735
Dan T. Carter
152 The Nixon That Black Folks Knew 742
Clarence Lusane
153 The FBI, COINTELPRO, and the Repression of Civil Rights 745
James W. Loewen
154 The Urban Fiscal Crisis and the Rebirth of Conservatism 753
William K. Tabb
155 Boston's Battle over Busing 759
Ronald P. Formisano
Backlash
156 The Tax Revolt 779
Alan Brinkley
157 Campus Racism and the Reagan Budget Cuts 780
Joseph S. Murphy
158 The War against the Poor 785
Herbert J. Gans
159 David Duke and the Southern Strategy 792
Tom Turnipseed
160 The Civil Rights Act of 1991 794
Richard O. Curry
161 How Welfare Became a Dirty Word 798
Linda Gordon
162 Lazy Lies about Welfare 803
Derrick Z. Jackson
163 Race and the New Democrats 805
Michael Omi and Howard Winant
164 Defunding the Congressional Black Caucus 817
Julianne Malveaux
165 Vouchers, the Right, and the Race Card 819
Bob Peterson and Barbara Miner
166 The Prison Industrial Complex 823
Angela Davis
167 Felony Disenfranchisement 829
Holly Sklar
168 Chain Gang Blues 831
Alex Lichtenstein
169 Breaking Thurgood Marshall's Promise 836
A. Leon Higginbotham, Jr.
part vi: Toward a Third Reconstruction
170 Introduction: Where Do We Go from Here? 843
Jonathan Birnbaum and Clarence Taylor
171 Time for a Third Reconstruction 846
Eric Foner
172 Toward a New Protest Paradigm 849
Manning Marable
173 Why Inter-Ethnic Anti-Racism Matters Now 853
George Lipsitz
174 How the New Working Class Can Transform Urban America 856
Robin D. G. Kelley
175 What Works to Reduce Inequality? 862
Martin Carnoy
176 A Workers' Bill of Rights 864
Jesse Jackson and the Rainbow Coalition
177 A Ten-Point Plan 866
Peter Dreier
178 Both Race and Class: A Time for Anger 868
Dan T. Carter
179 Fear of a Black Feminist Planet 874
Barbara Ransby
180 Response to the Million Man March 878
African American Agenda 2000
181 What Farrakhan Left Out 880
Peter Dreier
182 Clean-Money Campaign Finance Reform 883
Holly Sklar
183 Proportional Representation 885
Steven Hill
184 We Can Educate All Our Children 890
Constance Clayton
185 Algebra as Civil Rights: An Interview with Bob Moses 896
Peggy Dye
186 Pulpit Politics: Religion and the Black Radical Tradition 899
Michael Eric Dyson
187 Some Truths Are Not Self-Evident 904
Howard Zinn
188 We Don't Need Another Dr. King 907
Patricia Hill Collins
Index 909
About the Editors 943
Review
“This is a particularly valuable collection, an excellent reader on the struggle for racial equality.”
-Howard Zinn,author of A People's History of the United States
Review
“Jonathan Birnbaum and Clarence Taylor have plumbed historical documents to produce a study that has both truth and urgency. . . . You could not do better than this book.”
-Jewish Currents,
Review
“As a reference book, Civil Rights Since 1787 serves as an outstanding source. The book gives a lucid account of the history of institutional slavery and racism in America that is all too often perplexing when presented by educational texts.”
-Chicago Streetwise,
Review
“Civil Rights Since 1787 is one of those rare documentary collections that rewrites history. Birnbaum and Taylor not only take a long and wide view of the movement, but they persuasively re-define civil rights to encompass many criticle struggles for social justice. This book is indispensable.”
-Robin D.G. Kelley,author of Race Rebels: Culture, Politics, and the Black Working Class
Review
“Jonathan Birnbaum and Clarence Taylor have plumbed historical documents to produce a study that has both truth and urgency. . . . You could not do better than this book.”
“As a reference book, Civil Rights Since 1787 serves as an outstanding source. The book gives a lucid account of the history of institutional slavery and racism in America that is all too often perplexing when presented by educational texts.”
“An unusually challenging illumination of our still very unfinished history of equal protection of the laws. No classroom, library, or legislature at any level should be without it, and nearly everyone will want to argue with parts of it.”
“Civil Rights Since 1787 is one of those rare documentary collections that rewrites history. Birnbaum and Taylor not only take a long and wide view of the movement, but they persuasively re-define civil rights to encompass many criticle struggles for social justice. This book is indispensable.”
“This is a particularly valuable collection, an excellent reader on the struggle for racial equality.”
Review
“An unusually challenging illumination of our still very unfinished history of equal protection of the laws. No classroom, library, or legislature at any level should be without it, and nearly everyone will want to argue with parts of it.”
-Nat Hentoff,author of Living the Bill of Rights and Free Speech for Me—But Not for Thee
Review
“This is a particularly valuable collection, an excellent reader on the struggle for racial equality.”
Review
"Provides a comprehensive treatment of the history of Zionism, one of the few great success stories in ideological movements, and movements of national liberation in the twentieth century. Few are more qualified to edit a volume on this subject than Anita Shapira and Jehuda Reinharz." -Chaim Herzog,Former President of Israel
Review
"The most comprehensive collection of articles on the history of Zionism, covering all its aspects, written by the leading experts in the field, a unique, indispensable work for all serious students of the subject." -Walter Laqueur,author of A History of Zionism
Synopsis
Winner of the 2001 Gustavus Myers Program Book Award. Contrary to simple textbook tales, the civil rights movement did not arise spontaneously in 1954 with the landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision. The black struggle for civil rights can be traced back to the arrival of the first Africans, and to their work in the plantations, manufacturies, and homes of the Americas. Civil rights was thus born as labor history.
Civil Rights Since 1787 tells the story of that struggle in its full context, dividing the struggle into six major periods, from slavery to Reconstruction, from segregation to the Second Reconstruction, and from the current backlash to the future prospects for a Third Reconstruction. The "prize" that the movement has sought has often been reduced to a quest for the vote in the South. But all involved in the struggle have always known that the prize is much more than the vote, that the goal is economic as well as political. Further, in distinction from other work, Civil Rights Since 1787 establishes the links between racial repression and the repression of labor and the left, and emphasizes the North as a region of civil rights struggle.
Featuring the voices and philosophies of orators, activists, and politicians, this anthology emphasizes the role of those ignored by history, as well as the part that education and religion have played in the movement. Civil Rights Since 1787 serves up an informative mix of primary documents and secondary analysis and includes the work of such figures as Ella Baker, Mary Frances Berry, Clayborne Carson, Frederick Douglass, W. E. B. DuBois, Eric Foner, Herb Gutman, Fannie Lou Hamer, A. Leon Higginbotham, Darlene Clark Hine, Jesse Jackson, Malcolm X, Martin Luther King, Manning Marable, Nell Painter, Frances Fox Piven and Richard Cloward, A. Philip Randolph, Mary Church Terrell, and Howard Zinn.
Synopsis
Read the Introduction.
Jonathan Birnbaum and Clarence Taylor have plumbed historical documents to produce a study that has both truth and urgency. . . . You could not do better than this book.
--Jewish Currents
Winner of the 2001 Gustavus Myers Program Book Award.
As a reference book, Civil Rights Since 1787 serves as an outstanding source. The book gives a lucid account of the history ofinstitutional slavery and racism in America that is all too oftenperplexing when presented by educational texts.
--Chicago Streetwise
An unusually challenging illumination of our still very unfinished history of equal protection of the laws. No classroom, library, or legislature at any level should be without it, and nearly everyone will want to argue with parts of it.
--Nat Hentoff, author of Living the Bill of Rights and Free Speech for Me--But Not for Thee
Civil Rights Since 1787 is one of those rare documentary collections that rewrites history. Birnbaum and Taylor not only take a long and wide view of the movement, but they persuasively re-define civil rights to encompass many criticle struggles for social justice. This book is indispensable.
--Robin D.G. Kelley, author of Race Rebels: Culture, Politics, and the Black Working Class
This is a particularly valuable collection, an excellent reader on the struggle for racial equality.
--Howard Zinn, author of A People's History of the United States
. . .Ollman's and Birnbaum's book is a good measure of the essential core of progressive politics--and a particularly welcome one at this juncture.--Monthly Review
Contrary to simple textbook tales, the civil rights movement did not arise spontaneouslyin 1954 with the landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision. The black struggle for civil rights can be traced back to the arrival of the first Africans, and to their work in the plantations, manufacturies, and homes of the Americas. Civil rights was thus born as labor history.
Civil Rights Since 1787 tells the story of that struggle in its full context, dividing the struggle into six major periods, from slavery to Reconstruction, from segregation to the Second Reconstruction, and from the current backlash to the future prospects for a Third Reconstruction. The prize that the movement has sought has often been reduced to a quest for the vote in the South. But all involved in the struggle have always known that the prize is much more than the vote, that the goal is economic as well as political. Further, in distinction from other work, Civil Rights Since 1787 establishes the links between racial repression and the repression of labor and the left, and emphasizes the North as a region of civil rights struggle.
Featuring the voices and philosophies of orators, activists, and politicians, this anthology emphasizes the role of those ignored by history, as well as the part that education and religion have played in the movement. Civil Rights Since 1787 serves up an informative mix of primary documents and secondary analysis and includes the work of such figures as Ella Baker, Mary Frances Berry, Clayborne Carson, Frederick Douglass, W. E. B. DuBois, Eric Foner, Herb Gutman, Fannie Lou Hamer, A. Leon Higginbotham, Darlene Clark Hine, Jesse Jackson, Malcolm X, Martin Luther King, Manning Marable, Nell Painter, Frances Fox Piven and Richard Cloward, A. Philip Randolph, Mary ChurchTerrell, and Howard Zinn.
Table of Contents
Introduction: It Didn't Start in 1954 Jonathan Birnbaum and Clarence Taylor
Part i: Slavery: America's First Compromise1 Introduction: Original Sin
Jonathan Birnbaum and Clarence Taylor
2 The International Slave Trade Philip Foner
3 Slavery, the Constitution, and the Founding Fathers
Mary Frances Berry
4 Our Pro-Slavery Constitution William Lloyd Garrison
5 Slave Religion, Rebellion, and Docility
Albert J. Raboteau
6 1787 Petition for Equal Educational Facilities Rev. Prince Hall et al.
7 The Abolitionist Movement
Herbert Aptheker
8 Too Long Have Others Spoken for Us Freedom's Journal
9 Education for Black Women
Matilda
10 Walker's Appeal David Walker
11 On African Rights and Liberty
Maria W. Stewart
12 The Liberator: Opening Editorial William Lloyd Garrison
13 An Address to the Slaves of the United States Rev. Henry Highland Garnet
14 Free Blacks and Suffrage
Alexis de Tocqueville
15 Silencing Debate: The Congressional Gag Rule
16 Equality before the Law
Charles Sumner
17 Free Blacks and the Fugitive Slave Act Martin Delany
18 The Fugitive Slave Law
Harriet Jacobs
19 What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July? Frederick Douglass
20 Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
21 Illinois No Longer a Free State Chicago Tribune
22 Literacy, Slavery, and Religion
Janet Duitsman Cornelius
23 Who Freed the Slaves? Ira Berlin
Part II: Reconstruction
24 Introduction: The Second American Revolution Jonathan Birnbaum and Clarence Taylor
25 The Second American Revolution
Eric Foner
26 Schools for Freedom Herbert Gutman
27 The Southern Black Church ClarenceTaylor and Jonathan Birnbaum
28 Forty Acres and a Mule: Special Field Order No. 15
General William Tecumseh Sherman
29 A Proposal for Reconstruction Thaddeus Stevens
30 Woman's Rights
Sojourner Truth
31 Woman Suffrage Charlotte Rollin
32 Black Women during Reconstruction 131
Frances Ellen Watkins Harper
33 Southern Discomfort 135Whitelaw Reid
34 The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy 138
Eugene Lawrence
35 Black Workers and Republicans in the South 141David Montgomery
36 The Reconstruction Myth 150
Peyton McCrary
37 The Impeachment of President Andrew Johnson 154Joshua Zeitz
part iii: Segregation
38 Introduction: Separate and Unequal 161
Jonathan Birnbaum and Clarence Taylor
The Repression of Free Blacks
39 Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) 165
40 Newspapers on Plessy v. Ferguson 170
41 How Disenfranchisement Was Accomplished 172
Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward
42 Lynching 177Ida B. Wells-Barnett
43 The Atlanta Massacre 181
An Educated Negro
44 The Race War in the North 184William English Walling
45 Jim Crow and the Limits of Freedom, 18901940 190
Neil R. McMillen
46 Blacks and the First Red Scare 199Theodore Kornweibel, Jr.
47 The Second Klan 203
Nancy MacLean
The Black and Progressive Response
48 Black Workers from Reconstruction to the Great Depression 215
Nell Irvin Painter
49 The Atlanta Address 222
Booker T. Washington
50 Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others 226
W. E. B. Du Bois
51 Report of the 1900 Pan-African Conference 232
52 The Niagara Movement Declaration of Principles 234
53 The Task for the Future 238
NAACP
54 Returning Soldiers 242
W. E. B. Du Bois
55 Lynching a Domestic Question? 244
The Messenger
56 Address to President Wilson 246
William Monroe Trotter
57 The Higher Education of Women 249
Anna Julia Cooper
58 Black Women and the Right to Vote 252
Darlene Clark Hine and Christie Anne Farnham
59 Woman Suffrage and the Fifteenth Amendment 260
Mary Church Terrell
60 Woman Suffrage and the Negro 262
The Messenger
61 The Great Migration 264
W. E. B. Du Bois
62 Migration and Political Power 267
The Messenger
63 The Objectives of the Universal Negro
Improvement Association 268
Marcus Garvey
64 The Garvey Milieu 274
Alan Dawley
65 The Scottsboro Case 278
Robin D. G. Kelley
66 Women and Lynching 280
Jacquelyn Dowd Hall
67 Blacks and the New Deal 283
Harvard Sitkoff
68 Mary McLeod Bethune and the Black Cabinet 287
Darlene Clark Hine and Kathleen Thompson
69 Marian Anderson, Eleanor Roosevelt, and the D.A.R. 290
Elmer Anderson Carter
70 Blacks and the CIO 292
Richard Thomas
71 The Harlem Bus Boycott of 1941 298
Dominic J. Capeci, Jr.
72 The March on Washington Movement 303
A. Philip Randolph
73 Executive Order 8802: Establishing the FEPC 307
Franklin D. Roosevelt
74 The Sharecroppers' Tale 309
Paul Buhle
75 The Double V Campaign 315
Edgar T. Rouzeau
76 Nazi and Dixie Nordics 318
Langston Hughes
77 The Civil Rights Congress 321
Gerald Horne
part iv: The Second Reconstruction
78 Introduction: The Modern Civil Rights Movement 327
Jonathan Birnbaum and Clarence Taylor
The Legal Strategy
79 Charles Hamilton Houston and the NAACP Legal Strategy 333
Patricia Sullivan
80 The NAACP and Brown 341
Harvard Sitkoff
81 Brown v. Board of Education (1954) 349
82 Mississippi Murders 355
Myrlie Evers with William Peters
Labor Days
83 Labor, Radicals, and the Civil Rights Movement 363
Robert Korstad and Nelson Lichtenstein
84 Migration and Electoral Politics 383
Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward
85 To Secure These Rights 388
The President's Committee on Civil Rights
86 Executive Order 9981: Barring Segregation in the Armed Forces 394
Harry S. Truman
87 The Second Red Scare: The Cold War in Black America 396
Manning Marable
88 Remembering Jackie Robinson 409
Peter Dreier
89 Paul Robeson and the House Un-American
Activities Committee 412
90 The Highlander School 416
Myles Horton
91 If the Negro Wins, Labor Wins 421
Martin Luther King, Jr.
92 CORE and the Pacifist Roots of Civil Rights 428
Milton Viorst
The Churches' Hour
93 The Baton Rouge Bus Boycott 435
Aldon Morris
94 Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott 443
Herbert Kohl
95 The Social Organization of Nonviolence 457
Martin Luther King, Jr.
96 SCLC and The Beloved Community 461
97 On King's Influences and Borrowings 464
Arnold Rampersad
98 Women and Community Leadership 467
Ella Baker
99 The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 472
Howard Zinn
100 SNCC Statement of Purpose 474
James M. Lawson, Jr.
101 Suppose Not Negroes but Men of Property Were
Being Beaten in Mississippi475
Synopsis
Read the Introduction . "Jonathan Birnbaum and Clarence Taylor have plumbed historical documents to produce a study that has both truth and urgency. . . . You could not do better than this book."-Jewish Currents Winner of the 2001 Gustavus Myers Program Book Award. "As a reference book, Civil Rights Since 1787 serves as an outstanding source. The book gives a lucid account of the history ofinstitutional slavery and racism in America that is all too oftenperplexing when presented by educational texts."--Chicago Streetwise"An unusually challenging illumination of our still very unfinished history of equal protection of the laws. No classroom, library, or legislature at any level should be without it, and nearly everyone will want to argue with parts of it."--Nat Hentoff, author of Living the Bill of Rights and Free Speech for Me--But Not for Thee"Civil Rights Since 1787 is one of those rare documentary collections that rewrites history. Birnbaum and Taylor not only take a long and wide view of the movement, but they persuasively re-define civil rights to encompass many criticle struggles for social justice. This book is indispensable."--Robin D.G. Kelley, author of Race Rebels: Culture, Politics, and the Black Working Class"This is a particularly valuable collection, an excellent reader on the struggle for racial equality."--Howard Zinn, author of A Peoples History of the United States". . .Ollmans and Birnbaums book is a good measure of the essential core of progressive politics-and a particularly welcome one at this juncture."-Monthly ReviewContrary to simple textbook tales, the civil rights movement did not arise spontaneously in 1954 with the landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision. The black struggle for civil rights can be traced back to the arrival of the first Africans, and to their work in the plantations, manufacturies, and homes of the Americas. Civil rights was thus born as labor history.Civil Rights Since 1787 tells the story of that struggle in its full context, dividing the struggle into six major periods, from slavery to Reconstruction, from segregation to the Second Reconstruction, and from the current backlash to the future prospects for a Third Reconstruction. The "prize"that the movement has sought has often been reduced to a quest for the vote in the South. But all involved in the struggle have always known that the prize is much more than the vote, that the goal is economic as well as political. Further, in distinction from other work, Civil Rights Since 1787 establishes the links between racial repression and the repression of labor and the left, and emphasizes the North as a region of civil rights struggle.Featuring the voices and philosophies of orators, activists, and politicians, this anthology emphasizes the role of those ignored by history, as well as the part that education and religion have played in the movement. Civil Rights Since 1787 serves up an informative mix of primary documents and secondary analysis and includes the work of such figures as Ella Baker, Mary Frances Berry, Clayborne Carson, Frederick Douglass, W. E. B. DuBois, Eric Foner, Herb Gutman, Fannie Lou Hamer, A. Leon Higginbotham, Darlene Clark Hine, Jesse Jackson, Malcolm X, Martin Luther King, Manning Marable, Nell Painter, Frances Fox Piven and Richard Cloward, A. Philip Randolph, Mary Church Terrell, and Howard Zinn. Table of Contents Introduction: It Didnt Start in 1954 Jonathan Birnbaum and Clarence TaylorPart i: Slavery: Americas First Compromise 1 Introduction: Original Sin Jonathan Birnbaum and Clarence Taylor2 The International Slave Trade Philip Foner3 Slavery, the Constitution, and the Founding Fathers Mary Frances Berry4 Our Pro-Slavery Constitution William Lloyd Garrison5 Slave Religion, Rebellion, and Docility Albert J. Raboteau6 1787 Petition for Equal Educational Facilities Rev. Prince Hall et al.7 The Abolitionist Movement Herbert Aptheker8 Too Long Have Others Spoken for Us Freedoms Journal9 Education for Black Women Matilda10 Walkers Appeal David Walker11 On African Rights and Liberty Maria W. Stewart12 The Liberator: Opening Editorial William Lloyd Garrison13 An Address to the Slaves of the United States Rev. Henry Highland Garnet14 Free Blacks and Suffrage Alexis de Tocqueville15 Silencing Debate: The Congressional Gag Rule16 Equality before the Law Charles Sumner17 Free Blacks and the Fugitive Slave Act Martin Delany18 The Fugitive Slave Law Harriet Jacobs19 What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July? Frederick Douglass20 Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)21 Illinois No Longer a Free State Chicago Tribune22 Literacy, Slavery, and Religion Janet Duitsman Cornelius23 Who Freed the Slaves? Ira BerlinPart II: Reconstruction 24 Introduction: The Second American Revolution Jonathan Birnbaum and Clarence Taylor25 The Second American Revolution Eric Foner26 Schools for Freedom Herbert Gutman27 The Southern Black Church Clarence Taylor and Jonathan Birnbaum28 Forty Acres and a Mule: Special Field Order No. 15 General William Tecumseh Sherman29 A Proposal for Reconstruction Thaddeus Stevens30 Womans Rights Sojourner Truth31 Woman Suffrage Charlotte Rollin32 Black Women during Reconstruction131 Frances Ellen Watkins Harper33Southern Discomfort135 Whitelaw Reid34 The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy138 Eugene Lawrence35 Black Workers and Republicans in the South141 David Montgomery36 The Reconstruction Myth150 Peyton McCrary37 The Impeachment of President Andrew Johnson154 Joshua Zeitzpart iii: Segregation 38 Introduction: Separate and Unequal161 Jonathan Birnbaum and Clarence TaylorThe Repression of Free Blacks39 Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)16540 Newspapers on Plessy v. Ferguson17041How Disenfranchisement Was Accomplished172 Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward42 Lynching177 Ida B. Wells-Barnett43 The Atlanta Massacre181 An Educated Negro44 The Race War in the North184 William English Walling45 Jim Crow and the Limits of Freedom, 18901940190 Neil R. McMillen46 Blacks and the First Red Scare199 Theodore Kornweibel, Jr.47The Second Klan203 Nancy MacLeanThe Black and Progressive Response48 Black Workers from Reconstruction to the Great Depression215 Nell Irvin Painter49 The Atlanta Address222 Booker T. Washington50 Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others226 W. E. B. Du Bois51 Report of the 1900 Pan-African Conference23252The Niagara Movement Declaration of Principles23453The Task for the Future238 NAACP54 Returning Soldiers242 W. E. B. Du Bois55 Lynching a Domestic Question?244 The Messenger56 Address to President Wilson246 William Monroe Trotter57 The Higher Education of Women249 Anna Julia Cooper58 Black Women and the Right to Vote252 Darlene Clark Hine and Christie Anne Farnham59 Woman Suffrage and the Fifteenth Amendment260 Mary Church Terrell60 Woman Suffrage and the Negro262 The Messenger61 The Great Migration264 W. E. B. Du Bois62 Migration and Political Power267 The Messenger63 The Objectives of the Universal NegroImprovement Association268 Marcus Garvey64 The Garvey Milieu274 Alan Dawley65 The Scottsboro Case278 Robin D. G. Kelley66 Women and Lynching280 Jacquelyn Dowd Hall67 Blacks and the New Deal283 Harvard Sitkoff 68 Mary McLeod Bethune and the Black Cabinet287 Darlene Clark Hine and Kathleen Thompson69 Marian Anderson, Eleanor Roosevelt, and the D.A.R.290 Elmer Anderson Carter7
Synopsis
Zionism, more than any other social and political movement in the modern era, has completely and fundamentally altered the self-image of the Jewish people and its relations with the non- Jewish world. As the dominant expression of Jewish nationalism, Zionism revolutionized the very concept of Jewish peoplehood, taking upon itself the transformation of the Jewish people from a minority into a majority, and from a diaspora community into a territorial one.
Bringing together for the first time the work of the most distinguished historians of Zionism and the Yishuv (pre-state Israeli society), many never before translated into English, this volume offers a comprehensive treatment of the history of Zionism. The contributions are diverse, examining such topics as the ideological development of the Jewish nationalist movement, Zionist trends in the Land of Israel, and relations between Jews, Arabs, and the British in Palestine. Contributors include: Jacob Katz, Shmuel Almog, Yosef Salmon, David Vital, Steven J. Zipperstein, Michael Heymann, Jonathan Frankel, George L. Berlin, Israel Oppenheim, Gershon Shaked, Joseph Heller, Hagit Lavsky, and Bernard Wasserstein.
About the Author
Jonathan Birnbaum is the editor, with Bertell Ollman, of
The United States Constitution: 200 Years of Anti-Federalist, Abolitionist, Feminist, Muckraking, Progressive, and Especially Socialist Criticism (also available from NYU Press). His work has appeared in
The Guardian, New Politics, Socialism and Democracy, New Political Science, and other publications. He lives in Illinois.
Clarence Taylor is Professor of History at Baruch College, CUNY, and author of The Black Churches of Brooklyn, Knocking at Our Own Door: Milton Galamison and the Struggle to Integrate New York City Schools and most recently Black Religious Intellectuals: The Fight for Equality from Jim Crow to the 21st Century.