This richly illustrated book presents the most recent up-to-date knowledge on Clusia with a wealth of data in tables and figures and comprehensive referencing. Clusia's unique features as well as its extreme flexibility have put it in the limelight of international research. Covering all aspects of tree biology, this richly illustrated volume is an invaluable source of information for any plant scientist.
Section I Background
1 Historical Recollections
Ulrich Lüttge
1.1 Namesakes: Carolus Clusius and Clusia
1.2 Alexander von Humboldt: The First Ecophysiological Studies of Clusia
1.3 The Discovery of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) in Clusia
References
Section II Phylogeny, Diversity and Ecology
Introduction
Ulrich Lüttge
References
2 Morphology, Anatomy, Life Forms and Hydraulic Architecture
Ulrich Lüttge and Heitor Monteiro Duarte
2.1 Hundreds of Species of One Morphotype
2.2 Leaf Anatomy
2.3 Life Forms
2.4 Hydraulic Architecture
References
3 Biogeographic Features of Clusia, with Emphasis on South American and Especially Brazilian Species
Dorothy Sue Dunn de Araujo and Fabio Rubio Scarano
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Survey
3.3 Patterns
3.4 Discussion
3.4.1 Why Are There So Many Species?
3.4.2 Why Are They Distributed the Way They Are?
3.4.3 Have They Always Occupied Their Current Distribution Patterns?
3.4.4 How Are These Biogeographic Patterns Affected by Man?
References
4 Clusia as Nurse Plant
André Tavares Corrêa Dias and Fabio Rubio Scarano
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Restinga de Jurubatiba: Phytosociology
4.3 Evidences for Nurse Plant Effects
4.3.1 Association, Coexistence and Facilitation
4.3.2 Gender and Ontogenetic Variation
4.3.3 Structural Equation Modelling (SEM): Mechanisms Behind the Nursing Effect
4.4 Conclusions
References
5 Reproductive Biology
Rodrigo Lemes Martins, Tânia Wendt, Rogério Margis, and Fabio Rubio Scarano
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Main Reproductive Features
5.2.1 Dioecy
5.2.2 Resin
5.2.3 Automimetism and Mistake Pollination
5.2.4 Asexual Reproduction: Agamospermy and Vegetative Propagation
5.3 The Case of Clusia hilariana
5.3.1 Automimicry in Clusia hilariana
5.3.2 Effects of Population Spatial Distribution in Fruit Set
5.3.3 The Effects of Local Vegetation Cover on Fruit Set
5.3.4 Population Genetics
5.3.5 Clusia hilariana: A Synthesis of Ongoing Studies
5.4 Final Remarks
References
6 Diversity, Phylogeny and Classification of Clusia
Mats H. G. Gustafsson, Klaus Winter, and Volker Bittrich
6.1 Taxonomic Position and Delimitation
6.2 Molecular Phylogenetics
6.2.1 Combining Published ITS Sequences in a New Analysis
6.2.2 Character Optimizations
6.3 Species Diversity and Distribution
6.4 Habitats and Habits
6.5 Morphological Diversity
6.6 Ecophysiological Variation
6.7 Variation in Biological Interactions
6.8 Phylogeny and Sectional Classification
6.8.1 Section Anandrogyne Planch. & Triana
6.8.2 Clusia sect. Retinostemon Planch. & Triana and Relatives
6.8.3 Clusia sect. Clusiastrum Planch. & Triana
6.8.4 Clusia sect. Cordylandra Planch. & Triana
6.8.5 Clusia sections Clusia and Omphalanthera Planch. & Triana, and Related 6.8.6 Clusia sect. Phloianthera Planch. & Triana
6.8.7 Clusia sect. Chlamydoclusia Engl.
6.8.8 Clusia sect. Oedematopus (Planch. & Triana) Pipoly, and Relatives
6.9 Key Innovations in the Diversification of Clusia
References
7 Population Biology of Different Clusia Species in the State of Rio de Janeiro
Anja Vaasen, Fabio Rubio Scarano, and Rüdiger Hampp
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Population Studies on the Basis of Single Sequence Repeats
7.2.1 C. parviflora
7.2.2 C. fluminensis
7.2.3 C. hilariana
7.3 Relationship of C. spiritu-sanctensis to Other Clusia Species
7.4 Conclusion
References
Section III Functions and Physiologcial Ecology
Introduction
Ulrich Lüttge
References
8 Photosynthesis
Ulrich Lüttge
8.1 Photosynthetic Physiotypes
8.2 Stable Carbon Isotope Signatures
8.3 Biochemistry of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM)
8.3.1 Turnover of Carbohydrates
8.3.2 Organic Acid Turnover with Nocturnal Storage of Malic Acid
8.3.3 Organic Acid Turnover with Nocturnal Storage of Citric Acid
8.3.4 Concluding Evaluation
8.4 CO2 Concentrating Consequences of CAM
8.5 Photorespiration
8.6 High Light and Oxidative Stress
8.7 Osmotic Implications of Night/Day Changes of Organic Acids and Soluble Carbohydrates
8.8 Environmental Factors Regulating Reversible Changes Between the C3 and CAM-Mode of Photosynthesis and the Degree of CAM Expression
8.8.1 Water
8.8.2 Light and Water
8.8.3 Light and Temperature
8.8.4 Light and Nitrogen
References
9 Physiological Ecology
Ulrich Lüttge
9.1 Ecological Amplitude
9.2 Expression of Modes of Photosynthesis of Clusia Species under Field Conditions
9.3 Mineral Nutrition
9.4 Habitat Related Performance of Clusias
9.4.1 Aims and Approaches of Assessment
9.4.2 Habitats and Sites
9.5 Plasticity and Diversity of Clusias
References
10 Mycorrhiza of Clusia spec: Types, Abundance, Responses to Environmental Conditions
Meike Kreuzer, Anja Vaasen, Fabio Rubio Scarano, and Rüdiger Hampp
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Types of Clusia mycorrhizae
10.3 Conclusions
References
Section IV Clusia's Clock
11 Circadian Rhythmicity
Heitor Monteiro Duarte and Ulrich Lüttge
11.1 Clusia's Clock: The Background of Endogenous Rhythmicity of C3- and C4-Photosynthesis and Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM)
11.2 Clusia minor's Clock
11.2.1 Endogenous Oscillations of Gas Exchange and Effective Quantum Yield of Photosystem II in the C3- and CAM-Modes of Photosynthesis
11.2.2 Endogenous Oscillations of Oxygenase activity of RubisCO in the C3- and CAM-Modes of Photosynthesis
11.3 Oscillator Elements and their Cryptic Network
References
SynthesisUlrich Lüttge
References
Subject Index