PART I. READING ARGUMENTS1. Everything Is an Argument
*NOT JUST WORDS
Purposes Of Argument
Arguments to Inform
Arguments to Convince
Arguments to Explore
Arguments to Make Decisions
Arguments to Meditate or Pray
Occasions for Argument
Arguments About the Past
Arguments About the Future
Arguments About the Present
CULTURAL CONTEXTS FOR ARGUMENT
Kinds of Argument
Arguments of Fact Did Something Happen?
Arguments of Definition What Is the Nature of the Thing?
Arguments of Evaluation What Is the Quality of the Thing?
Proposal Arguments What Actions Should Be Taken?
*Stasis Questions at Work
*Audiences for Arguments
*IF EVERYTHINGS AN ARGUMENT...
*Appealing to Audiences
*Emotional Appeals
*Ethical Appeals
*Logical Appeals
*Arguments and their Rhetorical Situations
Respond
2. Arguments from the Heart
*NOT JUST WORDS
Understanding How Emotional Arguments Work
Using Emotions to Build Bridges
*IF EVERYTHINGS AN ARUMENT...
Using Emotions to Sustain an Argument
Using Humor
Using Arguments from the Heart
Respond
3. Arguments Based on Character
*NOT JUST WORDS
Understanding How Arguments Based on Character Work
Claiming Authority
CULTURAL CONTEXTS FOR ARGUMENT
Establishing Credibility
*Coming Clean about Motives
*IF EVERYTHINGS AN ARGUMENT...
Respond
4. Arguments Based on Facts and Reason
*NOT JUST WORDS
Hard Evidence
Reason and Common Sense
Logical Structures for Argument
*IF EVERYTHINGS AN ARGUMENT...
Respond
*5. Thinking Rhetorically
*Composing a Rhetorical Analysis
*Understanding the Purpose of An Argument
*Understanding What Makes an Argument
*Identifying and Appealing to Audiences
*IF EVERYTHINGS AN ARGUMENT...
*Examining Arguments from the Heart: Pathos
*Examining Arguments Based On Character
*Examining Arguments Based On Fact And Reason
*Examining The Shape and Media of Arguments
*NOT JUST WORDS
*Looking at Style
*Examining A Rhetorical Analysis
Derek Bok, Protecting Freedom of Expression at Harvard
Milena Ateya, A Curse and a Blessing
*Guide to Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
*Finding a Topic *Researching Your Topic
*Formulating a Claim
*Examples of Possible Claims for a Rhetorical Analysis
*Preparing a Proposal
*Thinking about Content and Organization
*Getting and Giving Response
*Respond
PART II. WRITING ARGUMENTS
6. Structuring Arguments
*NOT JUST WORDS
Toulmin Argument
CULTURAL CONTEXTS FOR ARGUMENT
*Outline of a Toulmin Argument
*IF EVERYTHINGS AN ARGUMENT...
A Toulmin Analysis
Alan M. Dershowitz, Testing Speech Codes
*What Toulmin Teaches
Beyond Toulmin
Respond
*7. Arguments of Fact
*Understanding Arguments of Fact
*NOT JUST WORDS
*Characterizing Factual Arguments
*Developing a Factual Argument
*Identifying an Issue
*IF EVERYTHINGS AN ARGUMENT...
*Key Features of Factual Arguments
*Guide to Writing an Argument of Fact
*Finding a Topic
*Researching a Topic
*Formulating a Hypothesis
*Examples of Arguable Factual Claims
*Preparing a Proposal
*Thinking about Organization
*Getting and Giving Response
*Respond
*Two Sample Factual Arguments
*Michael Osofsky, "The Psychological Experience of Security Officers Who Work With Executions"
*FactCheck.Org, "Abortion Distortions"
8. Arguments of Definition
*NOT JUST WORDS
Understanding Argumentsof Definition
Kinds of Definition
*IF EVERYTHINGS AN ARGUMENT...
Developing a Definitional Argument
Key Features of Definitional Arguments
Guide to Writing an Argument of Definition
Respond
Two Sample Definitional Arguments
Sayoh Mansaray, "The Offbeat Allure of Cult Films"
Lynn Peril, "Pink Think"
9. Evaluations
Understanding Evaluations
Criteria of Evaluations
Characterizing Evaluation
*NOT JUST WORDS
Developing an Evaluative Argument
*IF EVERYTHINGS AN ARGUMENT...
Key Features of Evaluations
Guide to Writing an Evaluative Argument
Respond
Two Sample Evaluations
Nisey Williams, "Why I Hate Britney"
*Jon Pareles, "The Case Against Coldplay"
10. Causal Arguments
Understanding Causal Arguments
Characterizing Causal Arguments
*NOT JUST WORDS
Developing Causal Arguments
*IF EVERYTHINGS AN ARGUMENT...
Key Features of Causal Arguments
Guide to Writing a Causal Argument
Respond
Two Sample Causal Arguments
La Donna Beatty, "What Makes a Serial Killer?"
*Dana Gioia, "Why Literature Matters"
11. Proposals
Understanding and Categorizing Proposals
*Proposals about Practices
*Proposals about Policies
Characterizing Proposals
Developing Proposals
Key Features of Proposals
Guide to Writing a Proposal
Respond
*NOT JUST WORDS
*IF EVERYTHINGS AN ARGUMENT...
Two Sample Proposals
*Manasi Deshpande, "A Call to Improve Campus Accessibility for the Mobility Impaired"
*P.J. ORourke, "Mass Transit Hysteria"
PART III. STYLE AND DELIVERY IN ARGUMENTS
*12. Style and Argument
*NOT JUST WORDS
*Style and Word Choice
*Sentence Structure And Argument
*Punctuation and Argument
Tropes
Schemes
Dangers of Unduly Slanted Language
Respond
13. Humor In Arguments
Understanding Humor as Argument
Characterizing Kinds of Humor
Developing Humorous Arguments
Key Features of Humorous Arguments
Respond
14. Visual Arguments
The Power of Visual Arguments
Shaping The Message
Achieving Visual Literacy
Analyzing Visual Elements of Arguments
Using Visuals in Your Own Arguments
Respond
*15. Presenting Arguments
*Print Presentations
*Oral/Multimedia Presentations
The Role of Visuals in Oral/Multimedia Arguments
*Web-Based Presentations
*Respond
PART IV. CONVENTIONS OF ARGUMENT
16. What Counts as Evidence
Evidence and the Rhetorical Situation
Firsthand Evidence and Research
CULTURAL CONTEXTS FOR ARGUMENT
Secondhand Evidence and Research
*Two Important Distinctions
Some Questions for Beginning Research
Using Evidence Effectively
Respond
17. Fallacies of Argument
Flashpoints of Emotional Argument
Scare Tactics
Either-Or Choices
Slippery Slope
Sentimental Appeals
Bandwagon Appeals
Flashpoints of Ethical Argument
Appeals to False Authority
Dogmatism
Moral Equivalence
Ad Hominem Arguments
Flashpoints of Logical Argument
Hasty Generalization
Faulty Causality
Begging the Question
Equivocation
Non Sequitur
Faulty Analogy
Respond
18. Intellectual Property, Academic Integrity, and Avoiding Plagiarism
Crediting Sources in Arguments
Citing Sources and Recognizing Plagiarism
Inaccurate or Incomplete Citation of Sources
Acknowledging Your Use of Sources
CULTURAL CONTEXTS FOR ARGUMENT
Using Copyrighted Internet Sources
Acknowledging Collaboration
Respond
19. Evaluating and Using Sources
Evaluating Sources
Using Sources
Cultural Contexts for Argument
Respond
20. Documenting Sources
MLA Style
Sample First Page for an Essay In MLA Style
Sample List of Works Cited for an Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
Respond * new to this edition