Preface
Part 1: Reading Arguments
1. Everything Is an Argument
NOT JUST WORDS
Purposes of Argument
Arguments to Inform
Arguments to Convince
Arguments to Explore
Arguments to Make Decisions
Arguments to Meditate or Pray
Occasions for Argument
Arguments about the Past
Arguments about the Future
Arguments about the Present
Kinds of Argument
CULTURAL CONTEXTS FOR ARGUMENT
Arguments of Fact Did Something Happen?
Arguments of Definition What Is the Nature of the Thing?
Arguments of Evaluation What Is the Quality of the Thing?
Proposal Arguments What Actions Should Be Taken?
STASIS QUESTIONS AT WORK
Audiences for Arguments
Considering Contexts
IF EVERYTHINGS AN ARGUMENT . . .
Appealing to Audiences
Emotional Appeals
Ethical Appeals
Logical Appeals
Arguments and Their Rhetorical Situations
Respond
2. Arguments from the Heart Pathos
Understanding How Emotional Arguments Work
NOT JUST WORDS
Using Emotions to Build Bridges
IF EVERYTHINGS AN ARGUMENT . . .
Using Emotions to Sustain an Argument
Using Humor
Using Arguments from the Heart
Respond
3. Arguments Based on Character Ethos
NOT JUST WORDS
Understanding How Arguments Based on Character Work
Claiming Authority
Establishing Credibility
CULTURAL CONTEXTS FOR ARGUMENT
Coming Clean about Motives
IF EVERYTHINGS AN ARGUMENT . . .
Respond
4. Arguments Based on Facts and Reason Logos
NOT JUST WORDS
Providing Hard Evidence
Facts
Statistics
Surveys and Polls
Testimonies, Narratives, and Interviews
Using Reason and Common Sense
Cultural Assumptions and Values
Providing Logical Structures for Argument
Degree
Analogies
Precedent
IF EVERYTHINGS AN ARGUMENT . . .
Respond
5. Thinking Rhetorically
Composing a Rhetorical Analysis
Understanding the Purpose of an Argument
Understanding Who Makes an Argument
Identifying and Appealing to Audiences
IF EVERYTHINGS AN ARGUMENT . . .
Examining Arguments from the Heart: Pathos
Examining Arguments Based on Character: Ethos
Examining Arguments Based on Facts and Reason: Logos
Examining the Shape and Media of Arguments
NOT JUST WORDS
Looking at Style
Examining a Rhetorical Analysis
Derek Bok, Protecting Freedom of Expression at Harvard
Milena Ateya, A Curse and a Blessing
GUIDE TO WRITING A RHETORICAL ANALYSIS
Respond
Part 2: Writing Arguments
6. Structuring Arguments NOT JUST WORDS
Toulmin Argument
Making Claims
CULTURAL CONTEXTS FOR ARGUMENT
Offering Evidence and Good Reasons
Determining Warrants
Offering Evidence: Backing
Using Qualifiers
Understanding Conditions of Rebuttal
Outline of a Toulmin Argument
A Toulmin Analysis
IF EVERYTHINGS AN ARGUMENT . . .
Alan M. Dershowitz, Testing Speech Codes
What Toulmin Teaches
Beyond Toulmin
CULTURAL CONTEXTS FOR ARGUMENT
Respond
7. Arguments of Fact
Understanding Arguments of Fact
NOT JUST WORDS
Characterizing Factual Arguments
Developing a Factual Argument
Identifying an Issue
IF EVERYTHINGS AN ARGUMENT . . .
Researching Your Hypothesis
Refining Your Claim
Deciding Which Evidence to Use
Presenting Your Evidence
Considering Design and Visuals
Key Features of Factual Arguments
GUIDE TO WRITING AN ARGUMENT OF FACT
Respond
Two Sample Factual Arguments
Michael Osofsky, The Psychological Experience of Security Officers Who Work with Executions
FactCheck.org, Abortion Distortions: Senators from Both Sides Make False Claims about Roe v. Wade
8. Arguments of Definition
Understanding Arguments of Definition
NOT JUST WORDS
Kinds of Definition
Formal Definitions
Operational Definitions
Definitions by Example
Other Issues of Definition
Developing a Definitional Argument
IF EVERYTHINGS AN ARGUMENT . . .
Formulating Claims
Crafting Definitions
Matching Claims to Definitions
Considering Design and Visuals
Key Features of Definitional Arguments
GUIDE TO WRITING AN ARGUMENT OF DEFINITION
Respond
Two Sample Definitional Arguments
Sayoh Mansaray, The Offbeat Allure of Cult Films
Lynn Peril, Pink Think
9. Evaluations
Understanding Evaluations
Criteria of Evaluation
Characterizing Evaluation
Quantitative Evaluations
NOT JUST WORDS
Qualitative Evaluations
Developing an Evaluative Argument
Formulating Criteria
Making Claims
Presenting Evidence
Considering Design and Visuals
IF EVERYTHINGS AN ARGUMENT . . .
Key Features of Evaluations
GUIDE TO WRITING AN EVALUATION
Respond
Two Sample Evaluations
Nisey Williams, Why I Hate Britney
Jon Pareles, The Case against Coldplay
10. Causal Arguments
Understanding Causal Arguments
Characterizing Causal Arguments
NOT JUST WORDS
Developing Causal Arguments
Formulating a Claim
Developing the Argument
IF EVERYTHINGS AN ARGUMENT . . .
Considering Design and Visuals
Key Features of Causal Arguments
GUIDE TO WRITING A CAUSAL ARGUMENT
Respond
Two Sample Causal Arguments
La Donna Beaty, What Makes a Serial Killer?
Dana Gioia, Why Literature Matters
11. Proposals
Understanding and Categorizing Proposals
Characterizing Proposals
Developing Proposals
Defining a Need or Problem
Making a Strong and Clear Claim
Showing That the Proposal Addresses the Need or Problem
Showing That the Proposal Is Feasible
IF EVERYTHINGS AN ARGUMENT . . .
Using Personal Experience
Considering Design and Visuals
NOT JUST WORDS
Key Features of Proposals
GUIDE TO WRITING A PROPOSAL
Respond
Two Sample Proposals
Manasi Deshpande, A Call to Improve Campus Accessibility for the Mobility Impaired
P. J. ORourke, Mass Transit Hysteria
Part 3: Style and Presentation in Arguments
12. Style in Arguments
Style and Word Choice
NOT JUST WORDS
Sentence Structure and Argument
Punctuation and Argument
Special Effects: Figurative Language and Argument
Tropes
CULTURAL CONTEXTS FOR ARGUMENT
Other Tropes
Schemes
IF EVERYTHINGS AN ARGUMENT . . .
Respond
13. Humor in Arguments
Understanding Humor as Argument
Characterizing Kinds of Humor
NOT JUST WORDS
Satire
Parody
IF EVERYTHINGS AN ARGUMENT . . .
Developing Humorous Arguments
Respond
14. Visual Arguments
The Power of Visual Arguments
Shaping the Message
NOT JUST WORDS
Achieving Visual Literacy
Analyzing Visual Elements of Arguments
Using Visuals in Your Own Arguments
Visual Arguments Based on Character
Visual Arguments Based on Facts and Reason
Visual Arguments That Appeal to Emotion
IF EVERYTHINGS AN ARGUMENT . . .
Respond
15. Presenting Arguments
Print Presentations
NOT JUST WORDS
Oral/Multimedia Presentations
Oral Arguments and Discussion
Formal Oral/Multimedia Presentations
CULTURAL CONTEXTS FOR ARGUMENT
Arguments to Be Heard
Arguments to Be Remembered
The Role of Visuals in Oral/Multimedia Arguments
Some Oral/Multimedia Presentation Strategies
A Note about Webcasts--Live Presentations over the Web
Web-Based Presentations
Web Sites
Blogs
IF EVERYTHINGS AN ARGUMENT . . .
Respond
Part 4: Conventions of Argument
16. What Counts as Evidence
Evidence and the Rhetorical Situation
Firsthand Evidence and Research
Observations
Interviews
Surveys and Questionnaires
Experiments Personal Experience
NOT JUST WORDS
Secondhand Evidence and Research
Library Sources
CULTURAL CONTEXTS FOR ARGUMENT
Online Sources
Using Evidence Effectively
Considering Audiences
CULTURAL CONTEXTS FOR ARGUMENT
Building a Critical Mass
IF EVERYTHINGS AN ARGUMENT . . .
Arranging Evidence
Respond
17. Fallacies of Argument
Flashpoints of Emotional Argument
Scare Tactics
Either-Or Choices
NOT JUST WORDS
Slippery Slope
Sentimental Appeals
Bandwagon Appeals
Flashpoints of Ethical Argument
Appeals to False Authority
Dogmatism
Moral Equivalence
Ad Hominem Arguments
Flashpoints of Logical Argument
Hasty Generalization
Faulty Causality
IF EVERYTHINGS AN ARGUMENT . . . Begging the Question
Equivocation
Non Sequitur
The Straw Man
Faulty Analogy
Respond
18. Intellectual Property, Academic Integrity, and Avoiding Plagiarism
Crediting Sources in Arguments
Citing Sources and Recognizing Plagiarism
NOT JUST WORDS
Inaccurate or Incomplete Citation of Sources
Acknowledging Your Use of Sources
Using Copyrighted Internet Sources
CULTURAL CONTEXTS FOR ARGUMENT
Acknowledging Collaboration
IF EVERYTHINGS AN ARGUMENT . . .
Respond
19. Evaluating and Using Sources
Evaluating Sources
Print Sources
SOURCE MAP: EVALUATING ARTICLES
IF EVERYTHINGS AN ARGUMENT . . .
Electronic Sources
SOURCE MAP: EVALUATING WEB SOURCES
Field Research
Using Sources
Signal Words and Introductions
NOT JUST WORDS
Quotations
CULTURAL CONTEXTS FOR ARGUMENT
Paraphrases
Summaries
Visuals
Respond
20. Documenting Sources
IF EVERYTHINGS AN ARGUMENT . . .
MLA Style
In-Text Citations
Explanatory and Bibliographic Notes List of Works Cited
Sample First Page for an Essay in MLA Style
Sample List of Works Cited for an Essay in MLA Style
NOT JUST WORDS
APA Style
In-Text Citations
Content Notes
List of References
Respond
Part 5: Arguments
21. Whos the Fairest of Them All?
P. Byrnes, It Begins [cartoon]
Ellen Goodman, The Culture of Thin Bites Fiji [essay]
Anne E. Becker, Abstract, Discussion, and Conclusion of Television, Disordered Eating, and Young Women in Fiji: Negotiating Body Image and Identity During Rapid Social Change [EXCERPT FROM Research Article]
Jane Stern, Big, Review of Fat Girl: A True Story by Judith Moore [book review]
W. Charisse Goodman, One Picture Is Worth a Thousand Diets [essay]
New York Times, Reshaping America: Popular Cosmetic Procedures, By Sex [Graph]
Rob Walker, Social Lubricant: How A Marketing Campaign Became the Catalyst for a Societal Debate [magazine article]
Meghan Daum, Those Unnerving Ads Using "Real" Women [essay]
Guy Trebay, When Did Skivvies Get Rated NC-17? [newspaper article]
Making a Visual Argument: Three Views on Body Image [photograph + cartoon + poster]
Toby Old, From Waterlog: The Beach Series
Mikhaela Blake Reid, Your Yucky Body: A Repair Manual
Jason Stirman, Crossroads Baptist Church, Reflections: Body Image Seminar
22. How Does the Media Stereotype You?
Making a Visual Argument: Artists and Comics Take On Stereotyping [poster + web homepage + poster]
Geo Vittoratos, Come as Your Favorite Stereotype
Latino Comedy Project, Will Stereotype for Food
New York Arab-American Comedy Festival, The Arabs Are Coming!
Tania Ralli, Whos a Looter? In Storms Aftermath, Pictures Kick Up a Different Kind of Tempest [newspaper article]
Chong-suk Han, Gay Asian-American Male Seeks Home [essay]
David Carr, On Covers of Many Magazines, a Full Racial Palette Is Still Rare [newspaper article]
Commercial Closet Association, Mainstream/Business-to-Business Advertising Best Practices [Web text]
Anne-Marie OConnor, Not Only Natalee Is Missing: Is the Media Inattention to Missing Women Who Aren't White Due to Deliberate Racism or Unconscious Bias? [newspaper article]
David Bositis, Skin-Deep: What Polls of Minorities Miss [newspaper article]
William Sea, Advertising Sets Double Standard for the Male Gender [essay]
The Onion, Graphic Artist Carefully Assigns Ethnicities to Anthropomorphic Recyclables [WEB TEXT]
23. Is Sports Just a Proxy for Politics?
Juliet Macur, Rowing Scholarships Available. No Experience Necessary [newspaper article]
Jessica Gavora, Times Up for Title IX Sports [essay]
Ruth Conniff, Title IX: Political Football [essay]
Leslie Heywood, Despite the Positive Rhetoric about Womens Sports, Female Athletes Face a Culture of Sexual Harassment [newspaper article]
Barbara Munson, Common Themes and Questions about the Use of "Indian" Logos [manifesto]
Jim Shore, Play with Our Name [newspaper editorial]
Making a Visual Argument: Editorial Cartoonists Take On the Use of Native American Mascots and Imagery [3 cartoons]
Lucy A. Ganje, Reality TV
Lalo Alcaraz, But Im Honoring You, Dude!
Thom Little Moon, Which One Is the Mascot?
Thad Williamson, Bad as They Wanna Be: Loving the Game Is Harder as Colleges Sell Out Themselves, the Fans, the Athletes [essay]
Tom Sorensen, Dress Code Suitable Only to NBA Suits [Newspaper article]
Larry Stewart, Barkley Fully Supports NBAs New Dress Code [newspaper article]
Bryan Curtis, Cheerleaders: What to Do about Them? [WEB TEXT]
24. Whats It Like to Be Bilingual in the United States?
Tom Meyer, Just 180 Days to Learn Miwok [cartoon]
Janny Scott, Foreign Born in the U.S. at Record High [newspaper article]
Pew Hispanic Center/Kaiser Family Foundation, 2002 National Survey of Latinos [survey summary]
Rolando Briseño, Bicultural Tablesetting [painting]
Myriam Marquez, Why and When We Speak Spanish in Public [Newspaper editorial]
Sandra Cisneros, From Bien Pretty [SHORT STORY excerpt]
Marjorie Agosín, Always Living in Spanish and English [essay + POEM]
Lan Cao, The Gift of Language [BOOK excerpt]
Andrea Lo, Finding Myself through Language [essay]
Mary Pipher, Language and High School, from The Middle of Everywhere: Helping Refugees Enter the American Community [Book excerpt]
National Institute of Mental Health, En la comunidad latina tenemos una cultura de silencio [poster]
Samuel G. Freedman, It's Latino Parents Speaking Out on Bilingual Education Failures [Newspaper ARTIcle]
Firoozeh Dumas, From Funny in Farsi: A Memoir of Growing Up Iranian in America [Book excerpt]
25. What Does Your Language Say about Your Identity?
Chicago Womens Club, Pledge for Children [Pledge]
Ariel Dorfman, If Only We All Spoke Two Languages [essay]
Chang-rae Lee, Mute in an English-Only World [newspaper article]
Amy Tan, Mother Tongue [essay]
John Rickford, Suite for Ebony and Phonics [essay]
David D. Troutt, Defining Who We Are in Society [essay]
Making a Visual Argument: Public Service Campaigns Use Language to Send a Message [5 posters]
National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign, He Might Dump Me
National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign, You Smoked Weed
National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign, Labeled
National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign, You Scan Me
National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign, Filed under: Pothead
Steve Rushin, Hip Unchecked:In Sports and on TV, Sarcasm and Cynicism Are Drowning Out Sincerity and Compassion [magazine article]
Deborah Tannen, From Youre Wearing That? [BOOK EXCERPT]
Making a Visual Argument: Gendering