ANNOTATED TABLE OF CONTENTS In addition to • research updates (which, together with the new research noted below, total hundreds of new bibliographic citations),
• line-by-line wording changes,
• 40 percent new photos The following significant changes have also been made to Exploring Psychology Seventh Edition in Modules: INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY AND SCIENCE OF PSYCHOLOGYModule 1: The History and Scope of Psychology
• Greater emphasis on clinical psychology, with new introduction of humanistic psychology and new illustration of Sigmund Freud.
• Greater emphasis on cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience.
• New Levels of Analysis section includes traditional “perspectives” but also introduces the biopsychosocial approach (with new art)—considering biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors. New emphasis continues throughout book, with new associated art in most chapters.
• Now includes new key term “counseling psychology.” Module 2: Research Strategies: How Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions
• New, built-in self-test helps students learn the concept of positive and negative correlation.
• New research examples of hindsight bias.
• New, current event example of bias in research.
• New, gay marriage example of survey results.
• New, college student example of naturalistic observation helps teach methodology.
• New illustration helps teach experimental methods.
• Animal Experimentation discussion revised due to updated research. BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIORModule 3: Neural and Hormonal Systems Module 4: The Brain
• fMRI is now a key term.
• Now includes the pons in the narrative and the Brainstem art.
• New research expands our understanding of cerebellums functions.
• New information and photo of the Harvard Brain Bank.
• New anatomical art illustrates subdivisions of the cortex more clearly.
• Improved anatomical art with PET scans demonstrates brain activity when hearing, seeing, and speaking.
• Includes dramatic new research on neural prosthetics.
• New, computer-generated Phineas Gage illustration.
• New research examples (on facial recognition, hearing, and seeing) update discussion of brain plasticity.
• New research updates discussion of left and right hemisphere functions. Module 5: Behavior Genetics and Evolutionary Psychology
• NEW chapter title reflects thorough revision and reorganization of this chapter; additional emphasis on cultural and gender diversity throughout.
• New chapter intro emphasizes human reactions to diversity and the reality of our greater commonalities.
• Genes section now includes repeated references to important idea of genes being “expressed” or turned on.
• Natural Selection discussion has new example of adaptiveness of pregnant womens morning sickness.
• Sexuality discussion presents new research on commitment in gay and lesbian couples.
• Nature and Nurture discussion now includes new emphasis, with new research, on genes self-regulation (genes react to environmental influences).
• New research, with genes-to-spark-plugs analogy, helps teach the importance of nature and nurture. Module 6: Environmental Influences on Behavior
• Environmental Influences section expanded into three new main sections: Parents and Peers, Cultural Influences, and Gender Development; primary focus on personality differences expanded to include development of differing attitudes, values, language, expectations, food preferences, communication styles, and other important individual differences.
• Culture section contains new coverage and new research on language, preservation of innovation, and division of labor.
• New section on Gender Similarities and Differences, including aggression and social power, with new research.
• Powerful new research examples, including the sad story of “Brenda” (boy with botched circumcision who was raised as a girl), and narrative help students understand influence of biological sex differences.
• Gender Roles discussion enhanced with new research, narrative, and illustrations.
• Gender and Child Rearing discussion includes new coverage of research on children as “gender detectives.”
• New art teaches importance of biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences on personal development. The Developing PersonModule 7: Developmental Issues, Prenatal Development, and the Newborn Module 8: Infancy and Childhood
• New research on “back-to-sleep” effects on motor development.
• Humorous new research about scale errors (with photos) demonstrates toddler thinking capacity.
• New research expands discussion of egocentrism into adulthood.
• Significant expansion of Autism discussion in narrative and new “Thinking Critically About: Autism” boxed essay, which includes Aspergers Syndrome as well.
• New research studies on attachment explore importance of touch and effects of intervention programs, father care, abuse/neglect, and quality of daycare and home environments on attachment. Module 9: Adolescence
• New research supports new discussion of adolescent frontal lobe development, risky behaviors, and the death penalty.
• New research studies support new discussion of teens essential search for purpose/meaning, and importance of relationships to teens reported happiness.
• New emphasis on “emerging adulthood.” Module 10: Adulthood
• New research expands Life Expectancy section.
• New research, with new illustration, demonstrates that with age our processing capacity declines but our vocabulary and general knowledge increases.
• New research elaborates on what triggers a mid-life crisis.
• Love section now includes new research and a brief discussion of parent-child love.
• New neuroscience research explains how brain changes in later life can lead older people to have a more positive outlook.
• New art demonstrates the biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences on successful aging.
• New research highlights the devastating psychological effects of the death of ones child. SENSATION AND PERCEPTIONModule 11: Introduction to Sensation and Perception: Vision
• New research on the effects of early experiences enhances color vision discussion. Module 12: The Other Senses
• Touch discussion now includes discussion of rubber hand illusion research, with illustration; and new research on those without normal touch/pain sensations (with photo).
• New neuroscience research focuses on our feelings of empathy for anothers pain.
• New neuroscience research helps us understand placebo effects on pain.
• New discussion and illustrations of virtual-reality pain control.
• New art illustrates biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences on pain.
• New research and discussion of evolutionary perspective on taste.
• New research and revised illustration help teach physiology of smell.
• New research demonstrates emotional responses to smell.
• New research expands visual capture discussion to include visions ability to affect experience of touch. Module 13: Perceptual Organization Module 14: Perceptual Interpretation
• New discussion of perceiving composite faces, with illustrations, enhances “Sensory Deprivation and Restored Vision” section.
• New research demonstrates how emotional contexts color our social perceptions.
• New art helps teach the importance of biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences on perception.
• ESP box improved with new research examples, but shortened overall.
• Perception and the Human Factor appears in Module 13 (this is covered in Appendix B in Exploring 7/e). STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESSModule 15: Waking and Sleeping Rhythms
• New research examples illuminate discussion of conscious nature of our attention, including inattentional blindness (new key term), change blindness, popout, and choice blindness.
• Circadian rhythm section narrative now includes reference to the important role of the brains suprachiasmatic nucleus; also enhanced with new research.
• New research enhances Sleep Stages discussion.
• New research studies enhance Effects of Sleep Loss discussion: negative effects of sleep deprivation on many work tasks (surgery, luggage scanning), and importance of sleep for neural repair and remembering.
• Sleep apnea coverage expanded.
• New table compares dream theories. Module 16: Hypnosis
• New research offers support for hypnosis alleviating pain, and explores the role of brain activity, attention, and social influences on hypnotic phenomenon. Module 17: Drugs and Consciousness
• Addiction is now a key term, with additional coverage based on new research.
• New research covers the more toxic effects of alcohol consumption in women.
• New coverage of methamphetamines (new key term).
• New research explores effects of marijuana.
• New cross-cultural research explores alcohol consumption in teens.
• New research expands coverage of psychological and social-cultural influences (including size of town and school or neighborhood transition) on alcohol use.
• New art demonstrates the biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences on drug use. LEARNINGModule 18: Classical Conditioning
• New research provides human applications (neural responses to items associated with food cues) of Pavlovs classical conditioning.
• New photo example of research illustrating abused childrens conditioned sensitivity to angry faces. Module 19: Operant Conditioning
• New illustrations helps students understand Thorndikes “law of effect” experiments more effectively.
• New art illustrates the Skinner Box from the rats perspective.
• New Gambian rat photo example (trained to sniff out land mines) provides compelling example of shaping and discrimination.
• New research points out similarities between classical and operant conditioning, suggesting the need for a single, stimulus-response learning process.
• New box on how behavioral principles can support a good relationship. Module 20: Learning by Observation
• New research, with new photo and illustration, demonstrates observational learning in Rhesus monkeys.
• New research, with new illustration, shows neural response to real and observed pain.
• New research presented in new art that shows media violence viewing predicts future aggressive behavior.
• New research connects positive observational learning with an internalized conscience in preschoolers. MEMORYModule 21: Information Processing
• Module introduction now goes beyond the Atkinson-Shiffrin model to include the other ways we form memories that are discussed in this chapter--unconscious memory formation and working memory, which is now a key term.
• Revised introductory illustration helps students understand the “modified three-stage processing model of memory” that is used throughout this chapter.
• New “Close Up” boxed essay on “World Memory Championship Records.”
• New discussion of the biology and applications of memory-boosting drugs expands the Synaptic Changes section.
• New research on the effects of stress on memory, and the ramifications for trauma-blunting drugs, enhance the Stress Hormones and Memory section.
• New research on Alzheimers patients demonstrates implicit memory formation.
• New research expands discussion of role of hippocampus in memory formation.
• Memory subsystems art now includes indication of where implicit and explicit memories are processed in the brain.
• New research with amnesia patients demonstrates the importance of brain areas working together to form memories. Module 22: Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Improving Memory
• New “Close Up” boxed essay on Retrieving Passwords.
• New research and examples help explain “déja vu.”
• New neuroscience research, and new example, help explain imaginations effects on memory.
• New research provides application of “cognitive interview” techniques in young children.
• New research enhances discussion of memory construction.
• New art teaches importance of considering biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences on memory. THINKING, LANGUAGE, AND INTELLIGENCEModule 23: Thinking
• New cross-cultural and gender research on face categorization, with new illustration, expands discussion of prototypes.
• New neuroscience research, with new illustration, sheds light on insight discussion.
• New current events examples help demonstrate confirmation bias.
• New research on overconfident predictions of future free time enhances Overconfidence discussion.
• Thinking Critically about fear box re-titled and significantly revised with new research and fresh examples.
• New section on The Perils and Powers of Intuition expands student understanding of our cognitive processing with new research and new examples.
• New research enhances cognitive neuroscience discussion. Module 24: Language and Thought
• When Do We Learn Language section now distinguishes between receptive and productive language.
• Revised art demonstrates the biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences on language learning.
• Cross-cultural research enhances discussion of how Language Influences Thinking.
• New research with art demonstrates the effects of language on color perception.
• Neuroscience research enhances discussion of Thinking in Images.
• New research example, with photos, of animal communication and cultural transmission in animals. Module 25: Intelligence
• New research critiques Gardners multiple intelligences, includes evolutionary psychology critique.
• New table outlines Gardners eight intelligences, along with an “exemplar” of each.
• New research expands discussion of Sternbergs triarchic view of intelligence.
• New research supports the value of emotional intelligence; other research emphasizes the importance of “grit” in success.
• New discussion of “convergent” and divergent” thinking expands the Intelligence and Creativity section.
• New sensitivity to the clinical perspective is built in with added explanations throughout the chapter about the clinical applications of intelligence tests.
• New cross-cultural, socioeconomic, and genetic research enhances the discussion of the Flynn effect.
• New research in new art demonstrates lifelong endurance of intelligence test scores.
• New research expands our understanding of the effects of re-standardized intelligence tests on those with mental retardation.
• New research expands student understanding of gene-environment interaction.
• New research underscores the effects on intelligence scores of environmental conditions.
• New research expands student understanding of group differences in intelligence.
• New research and new art shed light on male/female intelligence/abilities comparisons.
• Issue of bias is now enhanced by explanation of two very different—popular vs scientific—definitions of the term. MOTIVATION
• New introduction with compelling new story that is woven into the chapter throughout. Module 26: Introduction to Motivation: Hunger
• New research and new art enhance discussion of the “appetite hormones.”
• New research on fidgeting and energy needs.
• Eating disorders discussion now includes possible evolutionary psychology explanation.
• New research studies, and new art, expand student understanding of physiology and psychology of obesity, as well as influence of environmental factors such as watching television, living in car-dependent suburbs, and being exposed to endless food variety and availability.
• New table compares U.S. body weights over time.
• New summary figure illustrates interaction of biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences on hunger. Module 27: Sexual Motivation
• New neuroscience research illuminates sexual responses in the brain.
• New research explores influence of hormones on sexual desire in women.
• New neuroscience research demonstrates brain response to external sexual stimuli.
• New summary figure illustrates interaction of biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences on sexual activity.
• New research explores the influence of father presence on teen sexual behavior.
• New research outlines differing brain responses, according to sexual orientation, to hormone-derived sexual scents. Other new neuroscience, genetics, and evolutionary psychology research studies support biological explanation of sexual orientation.
• New section examines “Same-Sex Attraction in Animals,” with new photo; new genetic research illuminates sexual orientation in fruit flies.
• New research, and new illustration, demonstrate the effects of sexual orientation on spatial abilities.
• New subsection discusses ostracism in the Need to Belong section. Module 28: Motivation at Work (This is Appendix B in Exploring 7/e.)
• New research supports the value of structured interviews (in the Motivation at Work section).
• New research supports the importance of discipline and “grit” in achievement.
• Satisfaction and Engagement section now includes discussion of three types of employees (engaged, non-engaged, and actively disengaged).
• New narrative research coverage of employee satisfaction and company success.
• New research expands coverage of transformational leadership. EMOTIONS, STRESS, AND HEALTHModule 29: Theories and Physiology of Emotion
• New research highlights effects of emotional responses on our behaviors.
• New neuroscience research, with new art, demonstrates our high sensitivity to threats.
• New neuroscience research demonstrates how aggression can be rooted in fear.
• New research demonstrates our impressive ability to pick up on negative words, even when they are presented subliminally.Module 30: Expressing and Experiencing Emotion
• New art illustrates new research on how experience influences perception of emotions.
• New neuroscience research shows that women tend to experience emotional events more deeply and more memorably.
• New cross-cultural research shows cultural effects on emotion detection and emotion expression.
• New art illustrates the biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors that affect emotion.
• New research demonstrates connection between anger and prejudice.
• New research highlights gender differences in response to anger.
• New research supports disabilitys lack of effect on subjective well being, with new photo example.
• New research studies show negative effects of losing money, positive effects of gratitude on happiness levels, and the reality that happiness levels are changeable (not fixed).
• New cross-cultural research, with new table, supports the idea that money does not buy happiness. Module 31: Stress and Illness
• New distinction is made between coping with stress (explanatory style, perceived control, social support) and managing stress (aerobic exercise, biofeedback, relaxation, meditation, spirituality), with subsections revised and moved as needed.
• New research helps explain how stressors perceived as challenges rather than threats can have positive effects on the immune system.
• New explanation of psychoneuroimmunology, which is a key term.
• New research provides an explanation for connection between economic status and health.
• New research, with new photo, expands discussion of AIDS in African countries. Module 32: Promoting Health
• New discussion of problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies.
• New Close Up box focuses on the health advantages of keeping a pet.
• New research supports the power of the placebo effect in determining effectiveness of alternative medicine.
• Revised Complementary and Alternative Medicine therapy options table.
• New figure helpfully summarizes biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences on health. PERSONALITYModule 33: The Psychoanalytic Perspective
• Particularly helpful reviewer input helped sensitize this presentation of the clinical perspective on many levels, for example in small but important language changes throughout.
• New research studies expand student understanding of modern views of the Rorschach test, and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is also now covered. Module 34: The Humanistic PerspectiveModule 35: Contemporary Research on Personality
• New neuroscience research explores extraverts brain responses.
• New research suggests certain traits are modified throughout adulthood.
• New research studies suggest that music preferences, personal spaces, and personal web sites reflect our personality traits. New interactive photo example.
• New art explains how biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors influence our personality.
• New research studies on control and an excess of choices expands student understanding of learned helplessness versus personal control.
• New research supports finding that ignorance may lead to unfounded confidence in our own abilities.
• New research expands our understanding of “spotlight effect.”
• New research explores personality traits that lead to aggressiveness in children.
• New research expands our understanding of self-esteem issues to include the beneficial “secure self-esteem.” PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERSModule 36: Introduction to Psychological Disorders
• Particularly helpful reviewer input helped sensitize this presentation of the clinical perspective on many levels, for example in small but important language changes throughout.
• Revised discussion of criteria for determining disorder.
• New boxed essay—“Thinking Critically About ADHD”
• New research, with illustration, expands discussion of rates of psychological disorders world-wide. (This appears at the end of Chapter 13 in Exploring 7/e.)
• New emphasis on established link between poverty and mental illness. Module 37: Anxiety, Dissociative, and Personality Disorders
• New research supports co-occurrence of anxiety disorders and depression.
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) expanded from boxed essay to narrative section. Updated to include research results from combatants in Iraq War, ill effects of “debriefing” from trauma experiences, and effects of differing brain anatomy in those who do and dont develop PTSD after experiencing trauma. Also includes new coverage of “post-traumatic growth.”
• New discussion of role of anterior cingulate cortex in obsessive-compulsive disorder, with accompanying fMRI scan. Module 38: Mood Disorders
• New research expands discussion of depression in the brain to include gene-neurotransmitter links.
• New art illustrates biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences on depression.
• New figure illustrates connection between explanatory style and depression. Module 39: Schizophrenia
• New research studies expand discussion of brain anatomy and schizophrenia to include brain activity as well.
• New research extends the discussion of cognitive functioning differences in those with schizophrenia.
• More new research supports link between pregnant womens viral illness in first half of pregnancy and offsprings later developing schizophrenia. THERAPY
• Particularly helpful reviewer input helped sensitize this presentation of the clinical perspective on many levels, for example in small but important language changes throughout. Module 40: The Psychological Therapies
• Additional emphasis on “virtual reality exposure therapy,” now a key term.
• New research supports effectiveness of Alcoholics Anonymous in “Group Therapy.”
• New research details growth of mental health profession. Module 41: Evaluating Psychotherapies
• New discussion of role of science in guiding clinical practice and willingness of insurers to pay for psychotherapy.
• New research studies support effectiveness of cognitive therapy for depression and reducing suicide risk.
• New research covers “therapeutic alliance” between therapist and client.
• New cross-cultural research suggests greater effectiveness of therapist with shared cultural values. Module 42: The Biomedical Therapies
• “Biomedical therapy” is now a key term.
• Expanded discussion of “new generation” anti-psychotic drugs, how they work, and their possible ill side effects, include tardive dyskinesia, which is now an emphasized term.
• New research on rising use of medication in therapy.
• Greater emphasis on use of antidepressant drugs to treat anxiety.
• New research supports success of combining anti-depressant drugs with cognitive behavior therapy for depression.
• New discussion of concerns about suicidal behaviors related to anti-depressant use.
• “Mood-stabilizing medications” now a subhead and emphasized term.
• Expanded discussion of Magnetic Brain Stimulation, which now has its own section and a new illustration, with new key term “repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS).”
• New art outlines the biological, psychological, and social-cultural considerations for successful therapeutic intervention. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Module 43: Social Thinking
• New research demonstrates cultural effects on the fundamental attribution error.
• New research and figure demonstrate how strong social pressures weaken attitude-behavior connection.
• New boxed essay, “Close-Up: Abu Ghraib Prison: An Atrocity-Producing Situation?”
• New research related to the Iraq War and weapons of mass destruction (WMD) expand cognitive dissonance discussion. Module 44: Social Influence
• New research demonstrates contagious behavior in chimpanzees.
• Group polarization discussion now has new research examples, including American politics, and terrorists.
• Groupthink illustrated with Iraq War and WMD.
• Power of Individuals is illustrated with new research examples of individual soldiers who resisted pressure at Abu Ghraib prison. Module 45: Social Relations
• Prejudice discussion now includes “discrimination” as a key term.
• New research studies, with new art, expand gender and racial prejudice discussion.
• New “Close-Up” box on “Automatic Prejudice” (implicit and explicit attitudes).
• New research example helps illustrate effects of ingroup/outgroup.
• New art illustrates the biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences on aggression.
• New research supports negative effect of social ostracism on aggression.
• New research demonstrates negative effects of playing violent video games on aggression and school performance.
• Dramatic new research examples of altruism.
• New research suggests ways to help different ethnic groups cooperate and form friendships. Appendix A, Statistical Reasoning in Everyday Life
• New example helps students compare mean and median.
• New table helps teach value of standard deviation. Appendix B, Careers in Psychology
• NEW! Written by Jennifer Lento; provides guidance to undergraduate students considering a psychology major and/or career.