Many modern energy systems are reliant on the production, transportation, storage, and use of gaseous hydrogen. The safety, durability, performance and economic operation of these systems is challenged by operating-cycle dependent degradation by hydrogen of otherwise high performance materials. This important two-volume work provides a comprehensive and authoritative overview of the latest research into managing hydrogen embrittlement in energy technologies.
Volume 1 is divided into three parts, the first of which provides an overview of the hydrogen embrittlement problem in specific technologies including petrochemical refining, automotive hydrogen tanks, nuclear waste disposal and power systems, and H2 storage and distribution facilities. Part two then examines modern methods of characterization and analysis of hydrogen damage and part three focuses on the hydrogen degradation of various alloy classes
With its distinguished editors and international team of expert contributors, Volume 1 of Gaseous hydrogen embrittlement of materials in energy technologies is an invaluable reference tool for engineers, designers, materials scientists, and solid mechanicians working with safety-critical components fabricated from high performance materials required to operate in severe environments based on hydrogen. Impacted technologies include aerospace, petrochemical refining, gas transmission, power generation and transportation.
- summarises the wealth of recent research on understanding and dealing with the safety, durability, performance and economic operation of using gaseous hydrogen at high pressure
- reviews how hydrogen embrittlement affects particular sectors such as the petrochemicals, automotive and nuclear industries and
- discusses how hydrogen embrittlement can be characterised and its effects on particular alloy classes
- reviews ways of characterising and testing for hydrogen-assisted fatigue and fracture and analyses the ways gaseous hydrogen embrittlement affects high-performance steels, superalloys, titanium and aluminium alloys
Hydrogen embrittlement is the process whereby various metals, particularly high strength steels, become brittle and crack following exposure to hydrogen at high temperatures. The process has increasingly been recognized as a key factor in fatigue and failure of components in the energy sector, including developing technologies using hydrogen as an alternative fuel source. This comprehensive reference summarizes the wealth of recent research on how hydrogen embrittlement affects particular industries, its mechanisms and how it can be predicted to prevent component failure.
PART 1 THE HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT PROBLEM
Hydrogen production and containment, G B Rawls and T Adams, Savannah River National Laboratory and N L Newhouse, Lincoln Composites, Inc, USA. Introduction; American society of mechanical engineers (ASME) stationary vessels in hydrogen service; Department of transport (DOT) transport steel vessels; ASME stationary composite vessels; Composite transport vessels; Compressed gas association: CGA hydrogen pipeline system; Gaseous hydrogen leakage; References.
Hydrogen-induced disbonding and embrittlement of steels used in petrochemical refining, S Pillot and L Coudreuse, ArcelorMittal, France. Introduction; Petrochemical refining; Problems during/after cooling of reactors; Effect of hydrogen content on mechanical properties; Conclusion; Bibliography.
Assessing hydrogen embrittlement in automotive hydrogen tanks, T Michler, M Lindner, U Eberle and J Meusinger, Adam Opel AG GmbH, Germany. Introduction; Experimental details; Results and discussion; Conclusions and future trends; References.
Gaseous hydrogen issues in nuclear waste disposal, F King, Integrity Corrosion Consulting Ltd, Canada. Introduction; Nature of nuclear wastes and their disposal environments; Gaseous hydrogen issues in the disposal of high-activity wastes; Gaseous hydrogen issues in the disposal of low-and intermediate-level waste (LILW); Conclusions; References.
Hydrogen embrittlement in nuclear power systems, G A Young, Jr, E Richey and D S Morton, Bechtel Marine Propulsion Corporation, USA. Introduction; Experimental methods; Environmental factors; Metallurgical effects; Conclusions; Acknowledgements; References.
Standards and codes to control hydrogen-induced cracking in pressure vessels and pipes for hydrogen gas storage and transport, J R Sims, Becht Engineering Company, Inc, USA. Introduction; Basic code selected for pressure vessels; Code for piping and pipelines; Additional code requirements for high pressure hydrogen applications; Methods for calculating the design cyclic (fatigue) life; Example of crack growth in a high pressure hydrogen environment; Summary and conclusions; References.
PART 2 CHARACTERISATION AND ANALYSIS OF HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT
Fracture and fatigue test methods in hydrogen gas, K Nibur, Hy-Performance Materials Testing and B P Somerday, Sandia National Laboratories, USA. Introduction; General considerations for conducting tests in external hydrogen; Test methods; Conclusion; Acknowledgements; References.
Mechanics of modern test methods and quantitive-accelerated testing for hydrogen embrittlement, W Dietzel, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht,, Germany, A Atrens, The University of Queensland, Australia and A Barnoush, Universität des Saarlandes, Germany; Introduction; General aspects of hydrogen embrittlement (HE) testing; Smooth specimens; Pre-cracked specimens – the fracture mechanics approach to stress corrosion cracking (SCC); Limitations of the linear elastic fracture mechanics approach; Future trends; Conclusions; References.
Metallographic and Fractographic techniques for characterising and understanding hydrogen-assisted cracking of metals, S P Lynch, Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Australia. Introduction; Characterisation of microstructures and hydrogen distributions; Crack paths with respect to microstructure; Characterising fracture-surface appearance (and interpretation of features); Determining fracture-surface crystallography; Characterising slip-distributions and strains around cracks; Determining the effects of solute hydrogen on dislocation activity Determining the effects of adsorbed hydrogen on surfaces; In situ TEM observations of fracture in thin foils and other TEM studies; ‘Critical’ experiments for determining mechanisms of hydrogen-assisted cracking (HAC); Proposed mechanisms of HAC; Conclusions; Acknowledgements References.
Fatigue crack initiation and fatigue life of metals exposed to hydrogen, N E Nanninga, Formerly with National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA, Currently with TIMET, Henderson Technical Laboratory, USA. Introduction; Effect of hydrogen on total-life fatigue testing and fatigue crack growth threshold stress intensity range; Mechanisms of fatigue crack initiation (FCI); Conclusions; Future trends in total-life design of structural components; References.
Effects of hydrogen on fatigue-crack propagation in steels, Y Murakami, Kyushu University and National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan, R O Ritchie, University of California, Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA. Introduction; Materials and experimental methods; Effect of hydrogen on the fatigue behavior of martensitic SCMCr-Mo steel; Effect of hydrogen on fatigue-crack growth behavior in austenitic stainless steels; Effects of hydrogen on fatigue behavior in lower-strength bainitic/ferritic/martensitic steels; Summary and conclusions; Acknowledgement; References.
PART 3 THE HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT OF ALLOY CLASSES
Hydrogen embrittlement of high-strength steels, W Garrison, Carnegie Mellon University, USA and N Moody, Sandia National Laboratories, USA. Introduction; Microstructures of martensitic high strength steels; Effects of hydrogen on crack growth; Discussion of microstructural effects; Conclusions; References.
Hydrogen trapping phenomena in martensitic steels, F-G Wei, Nippon Yakin Kogyo Co, Ltd, and K Tsuzaki, National Institute for Materials Science, Japan. Introduction; Hydrogen in the normal lattice of pure iron; Theoretical treatments for diffusion in lattice containing trap sites; Experiment and simulation techniques for measurement of trapping parameters; Hydrogen trapping at lattice defects in martensitic steels; Design of nano-sized alloy carbides as beneficial trap sites to enhance resistance to hydrogen embrittlement; Conclusions; References.
Hydrogen embrittlement of carbon steels and their welds, K Xu, Praxair, USA. Introduction; Hydrogen solubility and diffusivity in carbon steels; Mechanical properties of carbon steels and their welds in high pressure hydrogen; Important factors in hydrogen gas embrittlement; Hydrogen embrittlement mechanisms in low strength carbon steels; Future research needs; Conclusions; Sources of further information and advice; References.
Hydrogen embrittlement of high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels and their welds, L Duprez, E Leunis, ÖEsma G and S Claessens, ArcelorMittal Research Industry, Belgium. Introduction; The family of high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels; The welding of HSLA steels; Mechanical effect of H on HSLA steels; Conclusions; References.
Hydrogen embrittlement of austenitic stainless steels and their welds, C San Marchi, Sandia National Laboratories, USA. Introduction; Fundamentals of austenitic stainless steels; Hydrogen transport; Environment test methods; Models and mechanisms; Observations of hydrogen-assisted fracture; Trends in hydrogen-assisted fracture; Conclusions and future trends; Acknowledgments; References.
Hydrogen embrittlement of nickel, cobalt and iron-based superalloys, J A Lee, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), USA. Introduction; Hydrogen transport properties in superalloys; Hydrogen gas effects on mechanical properties of superalloys; Important factors in hydrogen embrittlement; Future trends; Conclusions; Sources of further information and advice; References.
Hydrogen effects in titanium alloys, D Eliezer, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Israel and Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) and T Boellinghaus, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Germany. Introduction; Terminology, classification and properties of titanium alloys; Hydrogen embrittlement behaviour in different classes of Ti alloys; Hydrogen trapping in Ti-alloys; Positive effects in titanium alloys; Summary and conclusions; References.
Hydrogen embrittlement of aluminium and aluminium-based alloys
J R Scully, University of Virginia, G A Young Jr, Knolls Atomic Power Lab, and S W Smith, NASA Langley Research Center, USA
Introduction: scope and objective Hydrogen interactions in Al alloy systems (experiment and modeling) Gaseous hydrogen and hydrogen environment embrittlement in Al based alloys Mechanisms of hydrogen-assisted cracking in Al-based systems Improvement of the hydrogen resistant of Al-base alloys based on metallurgical, surface engineering or environmental chemistry modifications Needs, gaps and opportunities in Al-based systems Future trends Sources of further information and advice References.
Hydrogen-induced degradation of rubber seals, J Yamabe and S Nishimura, Kyushu University and National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan. Introduction; Example of cracking of a rubber O-ring used in a high-pressure hydrogen storage vessel; Effect of filler on blister damage to rubber sealing materials in high-pressure hydrogen gas; Influence of gaseous hydrogen on the degradation of a rubber sealing material; Testing of the durability of a rubber O-ring by using a high-pressure hydrogen durability tester; Additional work required and future plans; Conclusions; Acknowledgement; References.