Revised third edition of classic first-year text by Nobel laureate. Covers atomic and molecular structure, quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics, and thermodynamics correlated with descriptive chemistry. Problems.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 942) and index.
Preface
1 The Nature and Properties of Matter
1-1 Matter and Chemistry
1-2 Mass and Energy
1-3 The International System of Units
1-4 Temperature
1-5 Kinds of Matter
1-6 The Physical Properties of Substances
1-7 The Chemical Properties of Substances
1-8 The Scientific Method
2 The Atomic and Molecular Structure of Matter
2-1 "Hypotheses, Theories, and Laws"
2-2 The Atomic Theory
2-3 Modern Methods of Studying Atoms and Molecules
2-4 The Arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal
2-5 The Description of a Crystal Structure
2-6 Crystal Symmetry; the Crystal Systems
2-7 The Molecular Structure of Matter
3 "The Electron, the Nuclei of Atoms, and the Photon"
3-1 The Nature of Electricity
3-2 The Discovery of the Electron
3-3 The Discovery of of X-rays and Radioactivity
3-4 The Nuclei of Atoms
3-5 The Birth of the Quantum Theory
3-6 The Photoelectric Effect and the Photon
3-7 The Diffraction of X-rays by Crystals
3-8 Electron Wave Character and Electron Spin
3-9 What Is Light? What Is an Electron?
3-10 The Uncertainty Principle
4 Elements and Compounds. Atomic and Molecular Masses
4-1 The Chemical Elements
4-2 The Neutron. The Structure of Nuclei
4-3 Chemical Reactions
4-4 Nuclidic Masses and Atomic Weights
4-5 Avogadro's Number. The Mole
4-6 Examples of Weight-relation Calculations
4-7 Determination of Atomic Weights by Chemical Method
4-8 Determination of Atomic Weights by Use of the Mass Spectrograph
4-9 Determination of Nuclidic Masses by Nuclear Reactions
4-10 The Discovery of the Correct Atomic Weights. Isomorphism
5 Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table of the Elements
5-1 The Bohr Theory of the Hydrogen Atom
5-2 Excitation and Ionization Energies
5-3 The Wave-mechanical Description of Atoms
5-4 The Periodic Table of the Elements
5-5 Electron Energy as the Basis of the Periodic Table
5-6 The History of the Periodic Table
6 The Chemical Bond
6-1 The Nature of Covalence
6-2 The Structure of Covalent Compounds
6-3 The Direction of Valence Bonds in Space
6-4 Tetrahedral Bond Orbitals
6-5 Bond Orbitals with Large p Character
6-6 Molecules and Crystals of the Nonmetallic Elements
6-7 Resonance
6-8 Ionic Valence
6-9 The Partial Ionic Character of Covalent Bonds
6-10 The Electronegativity Scale of the Elements
6-11 Heats of Formation and Relative Electronegativity of Atoms
6-12 The Electroneutrality Principle
6-13 The Sizes of Atoms and Molecules.
Covalent Radii and van der Waals Radii
6-14 Oxidation Numbers of Atoms
7 The Nonmetallic Elements and Some Their Compounds
7-1 The Elementary Substances
7-2 Hydrides of Nonmetals. Hydrocarbons
7-3 Hydrocarbons Containing Double Bonds and Triple Bonds
7-4 Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Benzene
7-5 Amnonia and Its Compounds
7-6 Other Normal-valence Componds of the Nonmetals
7-7 Some Transargononic Single-bonded Compounds
7-8 The Argonons
8 Oxygen Compounds of Nonmetallic Elements
8-1 The Oxycompounds of the Halogens
8-2 "Oxycompounds of Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurim"
8-3 "Oxycompounds of Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth"
8-4 Oxycompounds of Nitrogen
8-5 Oxycompounds of Carbon
8-6 Molecules containing Bivalent Carbon. Free Radicals
8-7 Unstable and Highly Reactive Molecules
9 Gases: Quantum Mechanics and Statistical Mechanics
9-1 The Perfect-gas Equation
9-2 Quantum Mechanics of a Monatomic Gas
9-3 The Wave Equation
9-4 The Kinetic Theory of Gases
9-5 The Distribution Law for Molecular Velocities
9-6 The Boltzmann Distribution Law
9-7 Deviations of Real Gases from Ideal Behavior
10 Chemical Thermodynamics
10-1 Heat and Work. Energy and Enthalpy
10-2 The First Law of Thermodynamics
10-3 "Heat Capacity. Heats of Fusion, Vaporization, and Transition"
10-4 Entropy. The Probable State of an Isolated System
10-5 The Absolute Entropy of a Perfect Gas
10-6 Reversible and Irreversible Changes in State
10-7 The Efficiency of a Heat Engine
10-8 Change in Entropy of Any System with Temperature
10-9 The Third Law of Thermodynamics
10-10 The Heat Capacity of Diatomic Gases
10-11 Quantum States of the Rigid Rotator
10-12 The Rotational Entropy of Diatomic Gases
10-13 Quantum States of the Harmonic Oscillator
10-14 Vibrational States of Diatomic Molecules
10-15 "Energy, Heat Capacity, and Entropy of a Harmonic Oscillator"
10-16 The Quantum Theory of Low-temperature Heat Capacity of Crystals
11 Chemical Equilibrium
11-1 The Thermodynamic Conditon for Chemical Equilibrium
11-2 The Vapor Pressure of a Liquid or Crystal
11-3 "Entropy of Transition, Fusion, and Vaporization"
11-4 Van der Waals Forces. Melting Points and Boiling Points
11-5 Chemical Equilibrium in Gases
11-6 Change of Equilibrium with Temperature
11-7 Equilibrium in Heterogeneous Systems
11-8 Le Chatelier's Principle
11-9 The Phase Rule-a Method of Classifying All Systems in Equilibrium
11-10 The Conditions under Which a Reaction Proceeds to Completion
12 Water
12-1 The Composition of Water
12-2 The Water Molecule
12-3 The Properties of Water
12-4 The Hydrogen Bond-the Cause of the Unusual Properties of Water
12-5 The Entropy of Ice
12-6 The Importance of Water as an Electrolytic Solvent
12-7 Heavy Water
12-8 Deviation of Water and Some Other Liquids from Hildebrand's Rule
12-9 The Dense Forms of Ice
12-10 The Phase Diagram of Water
13 The Properties of Solutions
13-1 Types of Solutions. Nomenclature
13-2 Solubility
13-3 The Dependence of Solubility on the Nature of Solute and Solvent
13-4 Solubility of Salts and Hydroxides
13-5 The Solubility-Product Principle
13-6 The Solubility of Gases in Liquids: Henry's Law
13-7 The Freezing Point and Boiling Point of Solution
13-8 The Vapor Pressure of Solutions: Raoult's Law
13-9 The Osmotic Pressure of Solutions
13-10 The Escaping Tendency and the Chemical Potential
13-11 The Properties of Ionic Solutions
13-12 Colloidal Solutions
14 Acids and Bases
14-1 Hydronium-ion (Hydrogen-ion) Concentration
14-2 The Equilibrium between Hydrogen Ion and Hydroxide Ion in Aqueous Solution
14-3 Indicators
14-4 Equivalent Weights of Acids and Bases
14-5 Week Acids and Bases
14-6 The Titration of Weak Acids and Bases
14-7 Buffered Solutions
14-8 The Strengths of the Oxygen Acids
14-9 The Solution of Carbonates in Acid; Hard Water
14-10 The Precipitation of Sulfides
14-11 Nonaqueous Amphiprotic Solvents
15 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions. Electrolysis
15-1 The Electrolytic Decomposition of Molten Salts
15-2 The Electrolysis of and Aqueous Salt Solution
15-3 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
15-4 Quantitative Relations in Electrolysis
15-5 The Electromotive-force Series of the Elements
15-6 Equilibrium Constants for Oxidation-Reduction Couples
15-7 The Dependence of the Elctomotive Force of Cells on Concentration
15-8 Primary Cells and Storage Cells
15-9 Electrolytic Production of Elements
15-10 The Reduction of Ores. Metallurgy
16 The Rate of Chemical Reactions
16-1 Factors Influencing the Rate of Reactions
16-2 The Rate of a First-order Reaction at Constant Temperature
16-3 Reactions of Higher Order
16-4 Mechanism of Reactions. Dependence of Reaction Rate on Temperature
16-5 Catalysis
16-6 Kinetics of Enzyme Reactions
16-7 Chain Reactions
17 The Nature of Metals and Alloys
17-1 The Metallic Elements
17-2 The Structure of Metals
17-3 The Nature of the Transition Metals
17-4 The Metallic State
17-5 Metallic Valence
17-6 The Free-electron Theory of Metals
17-7 The Nature of Alloys
17-8 Experimental Methods of Studying Alloys
17-9 Interstitial Solid Solutions and Substitutional Solid Solutions
17-10 Physical Metallurgy
18 "Lithium, Beryllium, Boron, and Silicon and Their Congeners"
18-1 "The Electronic Structures of Lithium, Beryllium, Boron, and Silicon and Their Congeners"
18-2 "Radius Ratio, Ligancy, and the Properties of Substances"
18-3 The Alkali Metals and Their Compounds
18-4 The Alkaline-earth Metals and Their Compounds
18-5 Boron
18-6 "The Boranes, Electron-deficient Substances"
18-7 Aluminum and Its Congeners
18-8 Silicon and Its Simpler Compounds
18-9 Silicon Dioxide
18-10 Sodium Silicate and other Silicates
18-11 The Silicate Minerals
18-12 Glass
18-13 Cement
18-14 The Silicones
18-15 Germanium
18-16 Tin
18-17 Lead
19 Inorganic Complexes and the Chemistry of the Transiton Metals
19-1 The Nature of Inorganic Complexes
19-2 "Tetrahedral, Octahedral, and Square Bond Orbitals"
19-3 Ammonia Complexes
19-4 Cyanide Complexes
19-5 Complex Halides and Other Complex Ions
19-6 Hydroxide Complexes
19-7 Sulfide Complexes
19-8 The Quantitive Treatment of Complex Formation
19-9 Polydentate Complexing Agents
19-10 The Structure and Stability of Carbonyls and Other Covalent Complexes of the Transition Metals
19-11 Polynuclear Complexes
20 "Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, and the Platinum Metals"
20-1 "The Electronic Structures and Oxidation States of Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, and the Platinum Metals"
20-2 Iron
20-3 Steel
20-4 Compounds of Iron
20-5 Cobalt
20-6 Nickel
20-7 The Platinum Metals
21 "Copper, Zinc, and Gallium and Their Congeners"
21-1 "The Electronic Structures and Oxidation States of Copper, Silver, and Gold"
21-2 "The Properties of Copper, Silver, and Gold"
21-3 The Compounds of Copper
21-4 The Compounds of Silver
21-5 Photochemistry and Photography
21-6 The Compounds of Gold
21-7 Color and Mixed Oxidation States
21-8 "The Properties and Uses of Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury"
21-9 Compounds of Zinc and Cadmium
21-10 Compounds of Mercury
21-11 "Gallium, Indium, and Thallium"
22 "Titanium, Vanadium, Chromium, and Manganese and Their Congeners"
22-1 "The Electronic Structures of Titanium, Vanadium, Chromium, and Manganese and Their Congeners"
22-2 "Titanium, Zirconium, Hafnium, and Thorium"
22-3 "Vanadium, Niobium, Tantalum, and Protactinium"
22-4 Superconductivity
22-5 Chromium
22-6 The Congeners of Chromium
22-7 Managanese
22-8 Acid-forming and Base-forming Oxides and Hydroxides
22-9 The Congeners of Manganese
23 Organic Chemistry
23-1 The Nature and Extent of Organic Chemistry
23-2 Petroleum and the Hydrocarbons
23-3 Alcohols and Phenols
23-4 Aldehydes and Ketones
23-5 The Organic Acids and Their Esters
23-6 Amines and Other Organic Compounds of Nitrogen
23-7 "Carbohydrates, Sugars, Polysaccharides"
23-8 Fibers and Plastics
24 Biochemistry
24-1 The Nature of Life
24-2 The Structure of Living Organisms
24-3 Amino Acids and Protiens
24-4 Nucleic Acids. The Chemistry of Heredity
24-5 Metabolic Processes. Enzymes and Their Action
24-6 Vitamins
24-7 Hormones
24-8 Chemistry and Medicine
25 The Chemistry of the Fundamental Particles
25-1 The Classification of the Fundemental Particles
25-2 The Discovery of the Fundemental Particles
25-3 The Forces between Nucleons. Strong Interactions
25-4 The Structure of Nucleons
25-5 Leptons and Antileptons
25-6 Mesons and Antimesons
25-7 Baryons and Antibaryons
25-8 The Decay Reactions of the Fundemental Particles
25-9 Strangeness (Xenicity)
25-10 Resonance Particles and Complexes
25-11 The Structure of the Fundamental Particles. Quarks
25-12 "Positronium, Muonium, Mesonic Atoms"
26 Nuclear Chemistry
26-1 Natural Radioactivity
26-2 The Age of the Earth
26-3 Artificial Radioactivity
26-4 The Kinds of Nuclear Reactions
26-5 The Use of Radioactive Elements as Tracers
26-6 Dating Objects by Use of Carbon
26-7 The Properties of Nucleides
26-8 The Shell Model of Nuclear Structure
26-9 The Helion-Triton Model
26-10 Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion
Appendixes
I. Units of Measurement
II. Values of Some Physical and Chemical Constants
III. Symmetry of Molecules and Crystals
IV. X-rays and Crystal Structure
V. Hydrogenlike Orbitals
VI. Russel-Saunders States of Atoms Allowed by the Pauli Exclusion Principle
VII. Hybrid Bond Orbitals
VIII. Bond Energy and Bond-dissociation Energy
IX. The Vapor Pressure of Water
X. An Alternitive Derivation of the Boltzmann Distribution Law
XI. The Boltzmann Dristribution Law in Classical Mechanics
XII. The Entropy of a Perfect Gas
XIII. Electric Polarizabilities and Electric Dipole Moments
XIV. The Magnetic Properties of Substances
XV. Values of Thermodynamic Properties of Some Substances at 25°C and 1 atm
XVI. Selected Readings