Each chapter ends with a summary and problems.
Preface
PART 1: FUNDAMENTALS
1. Fundamental Concepts
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Gases, Liquids, and Solids
1.3. Methods of Description
1.3.1. Continuum Hypothesis
1.3.2. Continuum and Noncontinuum Descriptions
1.3.3. Molecular Description
1.3.4. Lagrangian Description
1.3.5. Eulerian Description
1.3.6. Choice of Description
1.4. Dimensions and Unit Systems
1.4.1. {MLtT} Systems
1.4.2. {FLtT} Systems
1.4.3. {FMLtT} Systems
1.4.4. Preferred Unit Systems
1.4.5. Unit Conversions
1.5. Problem Solving
2. Fluid Properties
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Mass, Weight, and Density
2.2.1. Specific Weight
2.2.2. Specific Gravity
2.3. Pressure
2.3.1. Pressure Variation in a Stationary Fluid
2.3.2. Manometer Readings
2.3.3. Buoyancy and Archimedes' Principle
2.3.4. Pressure Variation in a Moving Fluid
2.4. Temperature and Other Thermal Properties
2.4.1. Specific Heat
2.4.2. Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
2.5. The Perfect Gas Law
2.5.1. Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heats of a Perfect Gas
2.5.2. Limits of Applicability
2.6. Bulk Compressibility Modulus
2.6.1. Speed of Sound
2.7. Viscosity
2.7.1. Viscous Dissipation
2.7.2. Bulk Viscosity
2.8. Surface Tension
2.8.1. Pressure Jump Across a Curved Interface
2.8.2. Contact Angle and Wetting
2.8.3. Capillary Action
2.9. Fluid Energy
2.9.1. Internal Energy
2.9.2. Kinetic Energy
2.9.3. Potential Energy
2.9.4. Total Energy
3. Case Studies in Fluid Mechanics
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Common Dimensionless Groups in Fluid Mechanics
3.3. Case Studies
3.3.1. Flow in a Round Pipe
3.3.2. Flow Through Area Change
3.3.3. Pump and Fan Laws
3.3.4. Flat Plate Boundary Layer
3.3.5. Drag on Cylinders and Spheres
3.3.6. Lift and Drag on Airfoils
4. Fluid Forces
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Classification of Fluid Forces
4.3. The Origins of Body and Surface Forces
4.4. Body Forces
4.5. Surface Forces
4.5.1. Flow Over a Flat Rate
4.5.2. Flow Through a Round Pipe
4.5.3. Lift and Drag
4.6. Stress in a Fluid
4.7. Force Balance in a Fluid
5. Fluid Statistics
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Hydrostatic Stress
5.3. Hydrostatic Equation
5.3.1. Integral Hydrostatic Equation
5.3.2. Differential Hydrostatic Equation
5.4. Hydrostatic Pressure Distribution
5.4.1. Constant Density Fluid in a Gravity Field
5.4.2. Variable Density Fluid in a Gravity Field
5.4.3. Constant Density Fluid in Rigid Rotation
5.4.4. Constant Density Fluid in Rectilinear Acceleration
5.5. Hydrostatic Force
5.5.1. Planar Aligned Surface
5.5.2. Planar Nonaligned Surface
5.5.3. Curved Surface
5.6. Hydrostatic Moment
5.6.1. Planar Aligned Surface
5.6.2. Planar Nonaligned Surface
5.7. Resultant Force and Point of Application
5.8. Buoyancy and Archimedes' Principle
5.9. Equilibrium and Stability of Immersed Bodies
6. The Velocity Field and Fluid Transport
6.1. Introduction
6.2. The Fluid Velocity Field
6.3. Fluid Acceleration
6.4. The Substantial Derivative
6.5. Classification of Flows
6.5.1. One-, Two-, and Three Dimensional Flow
6.5.2. Uniform, Axisymmetric, and Spatially Periodic Flow
6.5.3. Fully Developed Flow
6.5.4. Steady Flow, Steady Process, and Temporally Periodic Flow
6.6. No-Slip, No- Penetration boundary Conditions
6.7. Fluid Transport
6.7.1. Convective Transport
6.7.2. Diffusive Transport
6.7.3. Total Transport
6.8. Average Velocity and Flowrate
8. Flow of an Inviscid Fluid: the Bernoulli Equation
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Frictionless Flow Along a Streamline
8.3. Bernoulli Equation
8.3.1. Bernoulli Equation for an Incompressible Fluid
8.3.2. Cavitation
8.3.3. Bernoulli Equation for a Compressible Solid
8.4. Static, Dynamic, Stagnation, and Total Pressure
8.5. Applications of the Bernoulli Equation
8.5.1. Pitot Tube
8.5.2. Siphon
8.5.3. Sluice Gate
8.5.4. Flow Through Area Change
8.5.5. Draining of a Tank
8.6. Relationship to the Energy Equation
9. Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Buckingham Pi Theorem
9.3. Repeating Variable Method
9.4. Similitude and Model Development
9.5. Correlation of Experimental Data
9.6. Application to Case Studies
9.6.1. DA of Flow in a Round Pipe
9.6.2. DA of Flow Through Area Change
9.6.3. DA of Pump and Fan Laws
9.6.4. DA of Flat Plate Boundary Layer
9.6.5. DA of Drag on Cylinders and Spheres
9.6.6. DA of Lift and Drag on Airfoils
PART 2: DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF A FLOW
10. Elements of Flow Visualization and Flow Structure
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Lagrangian Kinematics
10.2.1. Particle Path, Velocity, and Acceleration
10.2.2. Lagrangian Fluid Properties
10.3. The Eulerian-Lagrangian Connection
10.4. Material Lines, Surfaces, and Volumes
10.5. Pathlines and Streaklines
10.6. Streamlines and Streamtubes
10.7. Motion and Deformation
10.8. Velocity Gradient
10.9. Rate of Rotation
10.9.1. Vorticity
10.9.2. Circulation
10.9.3. Irrotational Flow and Velocity Potential
10.10. Rate of Expansion
10.10.1. Dilation
10.10.2. Incompressible Fluid and Incompressible Flow
10.10.3. Streamfunction
10.11. Rate of Shear Deformation
11. Governing Equations of Fluid Dynamics
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Continuity Equation
11.3. Momentum Equation
11.4. Constitutive Model for a Newtonian Fluid
11.5. Navier-Stokes Equation
11.6. Euler Equations
11.6.1. Streamline Coordinates
11.6.2. Derivation of the Bernoulli Equation
11.7. The Energy Equation
11.8. Discussion
11.8.1. Initial and Boundary Conditions
11.8.2. Nondimensionalization
11.8.3. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
12. Analysis of Incompressible Flow
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Steady Viscous Flow
12.2.1. Plane Couette Flow
12.2.2. Circular Couette Flow
12.2.3. Poiseuille Flow Between Parallel Plates
12.2.4. Poiseuille Flow in a Pipe
12.2.5. Flow Over a Cylinder (CFD)
12.3. Unsteady Viscous Flow
12.3.1. Startup of Plane Couette Flow
12.3.2. Unsteady Flow Over a Cylinder (CFD)
12.4. Turbulent Flow
12.4.1. Reynolds Equations
12.4.2. Steady Turbulent Flow Between Parallel Plates (CFD)
12.5. Inviscid Irrotational Flow
12.5.1. Plane Potential Flow
12.5.2. Elementary Plane Potential Flows
12.5.3. Superposition of Elementary Plane Potential Flows
12.5.4. Flow Over a Cylinder with Circulation
PART 3: APPLICATIONS
13. Flow in Pipes and Ducts
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Steady, Fully Developed Flow in a Pipe or Duct
13.2.1. Major Head Loss
13.2.2. Friction Factor
13.2.3. Friction Factors in Laminar Flow
13.2.4. Friction Factors in Turbulent Flow
13.3. Analysis of Flow in Single Path Pipe and Duct Systems
13.3.1. Minor Head Loss
13.3.2. Pump and Turbine Head
13.3.3. Examples
13.4. Analysis of Flow in Multiple Path Pipe and Duct Systems
13.5. Elements of Pipe and Duct System Design
13.5.1. Pump and Fan Selection
14. External Flow
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Boundary Layers: Basic Concepts
14.2.1. Laminar Boundary Layer on a Flat Plate
14.2.2. Turbulent Boundary Layer on a Flat Plate
14.2.3. Boundary Layer on an Airfoil or Other Body
14.3. Drag: Basic Concepts
14.4. Drag Coefficients
14.4.1. Low Reynolds Number Flow
14.4.2. Cylinders
14.4.3. Spheres
14.4.4. Bluff Bodies
14.5. Lift and Drag of Airfoils
15. Open Channel Flow
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Basic Concepts in Open Channel Flow
15.3. The Importance of the Froude Number
15.3.1. Flow over a Bump or Depression
15.3.2. Flow in a Horizontal Channel of Varying Width
15.3.3. Propagation of Surface Waves
15.3.4. Hydraulic Jump
15.4. Energy Conservation in Open Channel Flow
15.4.1. Specific Energy
15.4.2. Specific Energy Diagrams
15.5. Flow in a Channel of Uniform Depth
15.5.1. Uniform Flow Examples
15.5.2. Optimum Channel Cross Section
15.6. Flow in a Channel with Gradually Varying Depth
15.7. Flow Under a Sluice Gate
15.8. Flow Over a Weir
Appendixes
A. Fluid Property Data for Various Fluids
B. Properties of the U.S. Standard Atmosphere
C. Unit Conversion Factors
Index