Preface.
Acknowledgments.
Chapter 1. Introduction.
1.1 Units of measurement.
1.2 The Geologic Time Scale.
1.3 Recapitulation.
1.4 Questions.
PART I CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY.
Chapter 2. Atomic Structure.
2.1 Historical development.
2.2 The working model.
2.3 The ground state electronic configuration of elements.
2.4 Chemical behavior of elements.
2.5 Summary.
2.6 Recapitulation.
2.7 Questions.
Chapter 3. Chemical Bonding.
.3.1 Ionic bonding.
3.2 Crystal structures of silicate minerals.
3.3 Ionic substitution in crystals.
3.4 Crystal–field theory.
3.5 Isomorphism, polymorphism, and solid solutions.
3.6 Covalent bonding.
3.7 Metallic bonds.
3.8 Van der Waals bonds.
3.9 Hydrogen bond.
3.10 Comparison of bond types .
3.11 Goldschmidt's classification of elements.
3.12 Summary.
3.13 Recapitulation.
3.14 Questions.
PART II CHEMICAL REACTIONS.
Chapter 4. Basic Thermodynamic Concepts.
4.1 Chemical equilibrium.
4.2 Thermodynamic systems.
4.3 Laws of thermodynamics.
4.4 Auxiliary thermodynamic functions.
4.5 Free energy change of a reaction at T and P .
4.6 Conditions for thermodynamic equilibrium and spontaneity in a closed system.
4.7 Metastability .
4.8 Computation of simple P–T phase diagrams.
4.9 Thermodynamic data tables.
4.10 Summary.
4.11 Recapitulation.
4.12 Questions.
Chapter 5. Thermodynamics of Solutions.
5.1 Chemical potential.
5.2 Variation of chemical potential ( ) with temperature, pressure, and composition.
5.3 Relation between Gibbs free energy change and equilibrium constant for a reaction.
5.4 Gases.
5.5 Ideal solutions involving condensed phases.
5.6 Non–ideal solutions involving condensed phases.
5.7 Excess functions.
5.8 Ideal crystalline solutions.
5.9 Non–ideal crystalline solutions.
5.10 Summary.
5.11 Recapitulation.
5.12 Questions.
Chapter 6. Geothermometry and Geobarometry.
6.1 Tools for geothermobarometry.
6.2 Selection of reactions for thermobarometry.
6.3 Dependence of equilibrium constant on temperature and pressure.
6.4 Univariant reactions and displaced equilibria.
6.5 Exchange reactions.
6.6 Solvus equilibria.
6.7 Uncertainties in thermobarometric estimates.
6.8 Fluid inclusion thermobarometry.
6.9 Summary .
6.10 Recapitulation.
6.11 Questions.
Chapter 7. Reactions Involving Aqueous Solutions.
7.1 Water's a solvent.
7.2 Activity – concentration relationships in aqueous electrolytic solutions.
7.3 Dissociation of acids and bases.
7.4 Solubility of salts.
7.5 Dissociation of H2CO3 acid — the carbonic acid system.
7.6 Acidity and alkalinity of a solution.
7.7 pH buffers.
7.8 Dissolution and precipitation of calcium carbonate.
7.9 Chemical weathering of silicate minerals.
7.10 Summary.
7.11 Recapitulation.
7.12 Questions.
Chapter 8. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions.
8.1 Definitions.
8.2 Voltaic cells.
8.3 Relationship between free energy change (DGr) and electrode potential (E) — the Nernst equation
8.4 Oxidation potential (Eh) .
8.5 The variable pe.
8.6 Eh–pH stability diagrams.
8.7 Role of microorganisms in oxidation–reduction reactions.
8.8 Oxidation of sulfide minerals.
8.9 Oxygen fugacity.
8.10 Summary.
8.11 Recapitulation.
8.12 Questions.
Chapter 9. Kinetics of Chemical Reactions.
9.1 Rates of chemical reactions: Basic principles.
9.2 Temperature dependence of rate constants.
9.3 Relationship between rate and free energy change of an elementary reaction (DGr) .
9.4 Catalysts.
9.5 Mass transfer in aqueous solutions.
9.6 Kinetics of geochemical processes – some examples.
9.7 Summary.
9.8 Recapitulation.
9.9 Questions.
PART III ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY.
Chapter 10. Radiogenic Isotopes.
10.1 Radioactive decay.
10.2 Principles of radiometric geochronology.
10.3 Selected methods of geochronology.
10.4 Isotope ratios as petrogenetic indicators.
10.5 Summary.
10.6 Recapitulation.
10.7 Questions.
Chapter 11. Stable Isotopes.
11.1 Isotopic fractionation.
11.2 Types of isotopic fractionation.
11.3 Stable isotope geothermometry.
11.4 Evaporation and condensation processes.
11.5 Source(s) of water in hydrothermal fluids.
11.6 Estimation of water:rock ratios from oxygen isotope ratios.
11.7 Sulfur isotopes in sedimentary systems.
11.8 Mass–independent fractionation (MIF) of sulfur isotopes.
11.9 Iron isotopes: Geochemical applications.
11.10 Summary.
11.11 Recapitulation.
11.12 Questions.
PART IV. GEOCHEMICAL SYSTEMS.
Chapter 12. The Core – Mantle – Crust System.
12.1 Cosmic perspective.
12.2 Evolution of the Earth.
12.3 Generation and crystallization of magmas.
12.4 Geochemical discrimination of paleotectonic settings of mafic volcanic suites.
12.5 Summary.
12.6 Recapitulation.
12.7 Questions.
Chapter 13. The Crust – Hydrosphere – Atmoshere System.
3.1 The present atmosphere.
13.2 Evolution of the Earth's atmosphere over geologic time.
13.3 Air pollution.
13.4 The hydrosphere.
13.5 Evolution of the oceans over geologic time.
13.6 Geosphere – hydrosphere – atmosphere – biosphere interaction; global biogeochemical cycles .
13.7 Summary.
13.8 Recapitulation.
13.9 Questions.
APPENDIXES
A–1 Units of measurement and physical constants.
A–2 Electronic configurations of elements in ground state.
A–3 First ionization potential, electron affinity, electronegativity (Pauling scale), and coordination numbers of selected elements.
A–4 Thermodynamic symbols.
A–5 Standard state (298.15 K, 105 Pa) thermodynamic data for selected elements, ionic species, and compounds.
A–6 Fugacities of H2O and CO2 in the range 0.5–10.0 kilobars and 200–1000oC .
A–7 Equations for activity coefficients in multi–component regular solutions.
A–8 Some commonly used computer codes for modeling of geochemical processes in aqueous solutions .
A–9 Solar system abundances of the elements in units of number of atoms per 106 silicon atoms.
A–10 Answers to selected end–of–chapter questions.
References.
Index.