Schemes, Figures, Charts, and Tables
Preface
1. Using Spectroscopic Data in Organic Structure Analysis
1.1. A Glimpse of the Spectrometric Methods in Common Use
1.2. Characteristics of the Important Methods
1.3. Steps in Establishing a Molecular Structure
1.4. Molecular Formula (MF) and Unsaturation Number (UN)
1.5. Substructures, Working Structures and Counting Rings
1.6. Limitations of Spectroscopic Data in Structure Analysis
2. Introduction to Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
2.1. A Glimpse of the NMR Phenomenon
2.2. Commonly Studied Nuclei
2.3. Obtaining an NMR Spectrum
2.4. Magnetic Shielding
2.5. Relaxation Effects
2.6. Effect of Relaxation and nOe on Peak Intensities
2.7. Electric Quadrupole Effects
2.8. Measurement and Presentation of Data
2.9. Sample Preparation and Sample Size
2.10. Common Impurities in NMR Spectra
3. Interpretation and Use of Proton and Carbon Chemical Shifts
3.1. A Glimpse at Chemical Shifts and Peak Areas
3.2. Terms and Conventions
3.3. Factors that Determine Chemical Shifts
3.4. Chemical Shift Positions of H/ C Attached to Common Functional Groups
3.5. Chemical Shift Equivalence
3.6. Characteristic Chemical Shifts for Different Protons and Carbons
3.7. A More Detailed View of Using Chemical Shifts and Peak Areas
4. Interpretation and Use of Proton or Carbon Coupling Constants
4.1. A Glimpse of Coupling Constants
4.2. First-Order Spectra and the n+1 Rule
4.3. Terms and Conventions
4.4. Common Coupled Spin Systems
4.5. Magnetic Nonequivalence
4.6. Using Coupling Constants to Make Assignments
4.7. Coupling Constant Values for Different Carbon and Proton Types
4.8. Ways to Simplify or Eliminate Coupling Effects
4.9. Additional ways to Obtain J Values
5. Multiple-pulse and Multidimensional NMR Techniques
5.1. A Glimpse at the Multi-Pulse NMR Methods
5.2. Elements of Multiple-Plus NMR
5.3. One-dimensional NMR Techniques
5.4. Two-dimensional NMR Techniques
5.5. Assigning Spectra Using Two-Dimensional NMR Data
5.6. Determining an Unknown Structure Using Two-Dimensional NMR Data
5.7. Long-range Two-Dimensional NMR Methods
5.8. Comparison of Two-Dimensional Strategies
5.9. Future Prospects in Multidimensional NMR
6. Core Techniques of Mass Spectrometry: Interpretation and Use of Data
6.1. A Glimpse at Mass Spectrometry
6.2. Measurement and Presentation of Data
6.3. Interpreting a Low Resolution Electron Impact Spectrum
6.4. Molecular Formulas and Molecular Ion Peaks
6.5. Fragmentation Processes
6.6. Identification of Functionality from Fragmentation Processes
6.7. Evaluation of Fragmentation in the [M-1]+ to [M-29]+ Region
6.8.
7. Additional Techniques of Mass Spectrometry
7.1. A Glimpse at the Techniques of Contemporary Mass Spectrometry
7.2. Molecular Formulas and Molecular Ion Peaks Revisited
7.3. Different Ionization Techniques in Mass Spectrometry
7.4. Different Techniques for Analyzing Ions in Mass Spectrometry
7.5. Tandem Mass Spectrometry
7.6. Analysis of Mixtures
7.7. Dereplication by Mass Spectrometry
7.8. Future Prospects
8. Infrared Spectroscopy
8.1. A Glimpse of Infrared Spectroscopy
8.2. Measurement and Presentation of Data
8.3. The Fundamentals
8.4. Identifying Functional Groups
8.5. Interpreted Infrared Spectra
9. Optical and Chiroptical Techniques: Ultraviolet Spectroscopy
9.1. A Glimpse of Ultraviolet Spectrometry
9.2. Measurement and Presentation of Data
9.3. The Fundamentals and Interpreting Spectra
9.4. Identifying Functional Groups
9.5. The Behavior of Chiral Chromophore ORD-CD
9.7. Other Ways to Examine Chiral Chromophores
10. Strategies of Determining Structure and Stereochemistry: Spectroscopic Data Translated Into Structures
10.1. A Glimpse of the Combined Use of Spectroscopic Data
10.2. The Strategies of Determining Structure and Stereochemistry
10.3. Worked Examples of Deriving Structures from Spectroscopic Data
11. Problems in Organic Structure Analysis
11.1. A Glimpse of the Scope of the 50 Unknowns
11.2. Using the Spectra, Accompanying Information and other Resources
Chapters 1-9 are followed by Sources for Further Reading and Problems
Appendices
A. Collections of Spectra or Data Tables
B. Shape of MS Clusters
C. CAS Registry Numbers for Unknowns
D. Glossary and Abbreviations
Index