Physical, chemical processes in gases at high temperatures are focus of outstanding text, which combines material from gas dynamics, shock-wave theory, thermodynamics and statistical physics, other fields. 284 illustrations. 1966and#150;1967 edition.
Physical, chemical processes in gases at high temperatures are focus of outstanding text by two distinguished physicists. Combines material from gas dynamics, shock-wave theory, thermodynamics and statistical physics, molecular physics, spectroscopy, radiation theory, other fields for comprehensive treatment. 284 black-and-white illustrations. 19661967 edition, originally published in two volumes.
and#160;Preface to the Dover Edition
and#160;Editors' Foreword
and#160;Preface to the English Edition
and#160;Preface to the First Russian Edition
and#160;Preface to the Second Russian Edition
I. Elements of gasdynamics and the classical theory of shock waves
and#160;1. Continuous flow of an inviscid nonconducting gas
and#160;and#160;and#160;1. The equations of gasdynamics
and#160;and#160;and#160;2. Lagrangian coordinates
and#160;and#160;and#160;3. Sound waves
and#160;and#160;and#160;4. Spherical sound waves
and#160;and#160;and#160;5. Characteristics
and#160;and#160;and#160;6. Plane isentropic flow. Riemann Invariants
and#160;and#160;and#160;7. Plane isentropic gas flow in a bounded region
and#160;and#160;and#160;8. Simple waves
and#160;and#160;and#160;9. Distortion of the wave form in a traveling wave of finite amplitude. Some properties of simple waves
and#160;and#160;and#160;10. The rarefaction wave
and#160;and#160;and#160;11. The centered rarefaction wave as an example of self-similar gas motion
and#160;and#160;and#160;12. On the impossibility of the existence of a centered compression wave
and#160;2. Shock waves
and#160;and#160;and#160;13. Introduction to the gasdynamics of shock waves
and#160;and#160;and#160;14. Hugoniot curves
and#160;and#160;and#160;15. Shock waves in a perfect gas with constant specific heats
and#160;and#160;and#160;16. Geometric interpretation of the laws governing compression shocks
and#160;and#160;and#160;17. Impossibility of rarefaction shock waves in a fluid with normal thermodynamic properties
and#160;and#160;and#160;18. Weak shock waves
and#160;and#160;and#160;19. Shock waves in a fluid with anomalous thermodynamic properties
and#160;3. Viscosity and heat conduction in gasdynamics
and#160;and#160;and#160;20. Equations of one-dimensional gas flow
and#160;and#160;and#160;21. Remarks on the second viscosity coefficient
and#160;and#160;and#160;22. Remarks on the absorption of sound
and#160;and#160;and#160;23. The structure and thickness of a weak shock front
and#160;4. Various problems
and#160;and#160;and#160;24. Propagation of an arbitrary discontinuity
and#160;and#160;and#160;25. Strong explosion in a homogeneous atmosphere
and#160;and#160;and#160;26. Approximate treatment of a strong explosion
and#160;and#160;and#160;27. Remarks on the point explosion with counterpressure
and#160;and#160;and#160;28. Sudden isentropic expansion of a spherical gas cloud into vacuum
and#160;and#160;and#160;29. Conditions for the self-similar sudden expansion of a gas cloud into vacuum
II. Thermal radiation and radiant heat exchange in a medium
and#160;1. Introduction and basic concepts
and#160;2. Mechanisms of emission, absorption, and scattering of light in gases
and#160;3. Equilibrium radiation and the concept of a perfect black body
and#160;4. Induced emission
and#160;and#160;and#160;4a. Induced emission of radiation in the classical and quantum theories and the laser effect
and#160;5. The radiative transfer equation
and#160;6. Integral expressions for the radiation intensity
and#160;7. Radiation fromm a plane layer
and#160;8. The brightness temperature of the surface of a nonuniformly heated body
and#160;9. Motion of a fluid taking into account radiant heat exchange
and#160;10. The diffusion approximation
and#160;11. The "forward-reverse" approximation
and#160;12. Local equilibrium and the approximation of radiation heat conduction
and#160;13. Relationship between the diffusion approximation and the radiation heat conduction approximation
and#160;14. Radiative equilibrium in stellar photospheres
and#160;15. Solution to the plane photosphere problem
and#160;16. Radiation energy losses of a heated body
and#160;17. Hydrodynamic equations accounting for radiation energy and pressure and radiant heat exchange
and#160;18. The number of photons as an invariant of the classical electromagnetic field
III. Thermodynamic properties of gases at high temperatures
and#160;1. Gas of noninteracting particles
and#160;and#160;and#160;1. Perfect gas with constant specific heats and invariant number of particles
and#160;and#160;and#160;2. Calculation of thermodynamic functions using partition functions
and#160;and#160;and#160;3. Dissociation of diatomic molecules
and#160;and#160;and#160;4. Chemical reactions
and#160;and#160;and#160;5. Ionization and electronic excitation
and#160;and#160;and#160;6. The electronic partition function and the role of the excitation energy of atoms
and#160;and#160;and#160;7. Approximate methods of calculation in the region of multiple ionization
and#160;and#160;and#160;8. Interpolation formulas and the effective adiabatic exponent
and#160;and#160;and#160;9. The Hugoniot curve with dissociation and ionization
and#160;and#160;and#160;10. The Hugoniot relations with equilibrium radiation
and#160;2. Gases with Coulomb interactions
and#160;and#160;and#160;11. Rarefied ionized gases
and#160;and#160;and#160;12. Dense gases. Elements of Fermi-Dirac statistics for an electron gas
and#160;and#160;and#160;13. The Thomas-Fermi model of an atom and highly compressed cold materials
and#160;and#160;and#160;14. Calculation of thermodynamic functions of a hot dense gas by the Thomas-Fermi method
IV. Shock tubes
and#160;1. The use of shock tubes for studying kinetics in chemical physics
and#160;2. Principle of operation
and#160;3. Elementary shock tube theory
and#160;4. Electromagnetic shock tubes
and#160;5. Methods of measurement for various quantities
V. Absorption and emission of radiation in gases at high temperatures
and#160;1. Introduction. Types of electronic transitions
and#160;1. Continuous spectra
and#160;2. Bremsstrahlung emission from an electron in the Coulomb field of an ion
and#160;and#160;and#160;2a. Bremsstrahlung emission from an electron scattered by a neutral atom
and#160;3. Free-free transitions in a high-temperature ionized gas
and#160;4. Cross section for the capture of an electron by an ion with the emission of a photon
and#160;5. Cross section for the bound-free absorption of light by atoms and ions
and#160;6. Continuous absorption coeficient in a gas of hydrogen-like atoms
and#160;7. Continuous absorption of light in a monatomic gas in the singly ionized region
and#160;8. Radiation mean free paths for multiply ionized gas atomsand#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;
VI. Rates of Relaxation Processes in Gases
VII. Shock Wave Structure in Gases
VIII. Physical and chemical kinetics in hydrodynamic processes
and#160;1. Dynamics of a nonequilibrium gas
and#160;and#160;and#160;1. The gasdynamic equations in the absence of thermodynamic equilibrium
and#160;and#160;and#160;2. Entropy increase
and#160;and#160;and#160;3. Anomalous dispersion and absorption of ultrasound
and#160;and#160;and#160;4. The dispersion law and the absorption coefficient for ultrasound
and#160;2. Chemical reactions
and#160;and#160;and#160;5. Oxidation of nitrogen in strong explosions in air
and#160;3. Disturbance of thermodynamic equilibrium in the sudden expansion of a gas into vacuum
and#160;and#160;and#160;6. Sudden expansion of a gas cloud
and#160;and#160;and#160;7. Freezing effect
and#160;and#160;and#160;8. Disturbance of ionization equilibrium
and#160;and#160;and#160;9. The kinetics of recombination and cooling of the gas following the disturbance of ionization equilibrium
and#160;4. Vapor condensation in an isentropic expansion
and#160;and#160;and#160;10. Saturated vapor and the origin of condensation centers
and#160;and#160;and#160;11. The thermodynamics and kinetics of the condensation process
and#160;and#160;and#160;12. Condensation in a cloud of evaporated fluid suddenly expanding into vacuum
and#160;and#160;and#160;13. On the problem of the mechanism of formation of cosmic dust. Remarks on laboratory investigations of condensation
IX. Radiative phenomena in shock waves and in strong explosions in air
and#160;1. Luminosity of strong shock fronts in gases
and#160;and#160;and#160;1. Qualitative dependence of the brightness temperature on the true temperature behind the front
and#160;and#160;and#160;2. Photon absorption in cold air
and#160;and#160;and#160;3. Maximum brightness temperature for air
and#160;and#160;and#160;4. Limiting luminosity of very strong waves in air
and#160;2. Optical phenomena observed in strong explosions and the cooling of the air by radiation
and#160;and#160;and#160;5. Gen
and#160;and#160;and#160;12. The spark discharge in air
and#160;3. Structure of cooling wave fronts
and#160;and#160;and#160;13. Statement of the problem
and#160;and#160;and#160;14. Radiation flux from the surface of the wave front
and#160;and#160;and#160;15. Temperature distribution in the front of a strong wave
and#160;and#160;and#160;16. Consideration of adiabatic cooling
X. Thermal waves
and#160;1. The thermal conductivity of a fluid
and#160;2. Nonlinear (radiation) heat conduction
and#160;3. Characteristic features of heat propagation by linear and nonlinear heat conduction
and#160;4. The law of propagation of thermal waves from an instantaneous plane source
and#160;5. Self-similar thermal waves from an instantaneous plane source
and#160;6. Propagation of heat from an instantaneous point source
and#160;7. Some self-similar plane problems
and#160;8. Remarks on the penetration of heat into moving media
and#160;9. Self-similar solutions as limiting solutions of nonself-similar problems
and#160;10. Heat transfer by nonequilibrium radiation
XI. Shock waves in solids
and#160;1. Introduction
and#160;and#160;and#160;1. Thermodynamic properties of solids at high pressures and temperatures
and#160;and#160;and#160;2. Compression of a cold material
and#160;and#160;and#160;3. Thermal motion of atoms
and#160;and#160;and#160;4. Equation of state for a material whose atoms undergo small vibrations
and#160;and#160;and#160;5. Thermal excitation of electrons
and#160;and#160;and#160;6. A three-term equation of state
and#160;2. The Hugoniot curve
and#160;and#160;and#160;7. Hugoniot curve for a condensed substance
and#160;and#160;and#160;8. Analytical representation of Hugoniot curves
and#160;and#160;and#160;9. Weak shock waves
and#160;and#160;and#160;10. Shock compression of porous materials
and#160;and#160;and#160;11. Emergence of weak shock waves from the free surface of a solid
and#160;and#160;and#160;12. Experimental methods of determining Hugoniot curves for solids
and#160;and#160;and#160;13. Determination of cold compression curves from the results of shock compression experiments
and#160;3. Acoustic waves and splitting of waves
and#160;and#160;and#160;14. Static deformation of a solid
and#160;and#160;and#160;15. Transition of a solid medium into the plastic state
and#160;and#160;and#160;16. Propagation speed of acoustic waves
and#160;and#160;and#160;17. Splitting of compression and unloading waves
and#160;and#160;and#160;18. Measurement of the speed of sound in a material compressed by a shock wave
and#160;and#160;and#160;19. Phase transitions and splitting of shock waves
and#160;and#160;and#160;20. Rarefaction shock waves in a medium undergoing a phase transition
and#160;4. Phenomena associated with the emergence of a very strong shock wave at the free surface of a body
and#160;and#160;and#160;21. Limiting cases of the solid and gaseous states of an unloaded material
and#160;and#160;and#160;22. Criterion for complete vaporization of a material on unloading
and#160;and#160;and#160;23. Experimental determination of temperature and entropy behind a very strong shock by investigating the unloaded material in the gas phase
and#160;and#160;and#160;24. Luminosity of metallic vapors in unloading
and#160;and#160;and#160;25. Remarks on the basic possibility of measuring the entropy behind a shock wave from the luminosity during unloading
and#160;5. Some other phenomena
and#160;and#160;and#160;26. Electrical conductivity of nonmetals behind shock waves
and#160;and#160;and#160;27. Measuring the index of refraction of a material compressed by a shock wave
XII. Some self-similar processes in gasdynamics
and#160;1. Introduction
and#160;and#160;and#160;1. Transformation groups admissible by the gasdynamic equations
and#160;and#160;and#160;2. Self-similar motions
and#160;and#160;and#160;3. Conditions for self-similar motion
and#160;and#160;and#160;4. Two types of self-similar solutions
and#160;2. Implosion of a spherical shock wave and the collapse of bubbles in a liquid
and#160;and#160;and#160;5. Statement of the problem of an imploding shock wave
and#160;and#160;and#160;6. Basic equations
and#160;and#160;and#160;7. Analysis of the equations
and#160;and#160;and#160;8. Numerical results for the solutions
and#160;and#160;and#160;9. Collapse of bubbles. The Rayleigh problem
and#160;and#160;and#160;10. Collapse of bubbles. Effect of compressibility and viscosity
and#160;3. The emergence of a shock wave at the surface of a star
and#160;and#160;and#160;11. Propagation of a shock wave for a power-law decrease in density
and#160;and#160;and#160;12. On explosions of supernovae and the origin of cosmic rays
and#160;4. Motion of a gas under the action of an impulsive load
and#160;and#160;and#160;13. Statement of the problem and general character of the motion
and#160;and#160;and#160;14. Self-similar solutions and the energy and momentum conservation laws
and#160;and#160;and#160;15. Solution of the equations
and#160;and#160;and#160;16. Limitations on the similarity exponent imposed by conservation of momentum and energy
and#160;and#160;and#160;17. Passage of the nonself-similar motion into the limiting regime and the "infinite" energy in the self-similar solution
and#160;and#160;and#160;18. Concentrated impact on the surface of a gas (explosion at the surface)
and#160;and#160;and#160;19. Results from simplified considerations of the self-similar motions for concentrated and line impacts
and#160;and#160;and#160;20. Impact of a very high-speed meteorite on the surface of a planet
and#160;and#160;and#160;21. Strong explosion in an infinite porous medium
and#160;5. Propagation of shock waves in an inhomogeneous atmosphere with an exponential density distribution
and#160;22. Strong point explosion
and#160;23. Self-similar motion of a shock wave in the direction of increasing density
and#160;24. Application of the self-similar solution to an explosion
and#160;25. Self-similar motion of a shock wave in the direction of decreasing density application to an explosion
and#160;Cited References
and#160;Appendix: Some often used constants, relations between units, and formulas
and#160;Author Index, Subject Index