Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 85.
On June 24, 1993, one hundred years had passed since Fridtjof Nansen and his companions set out on one of the most daring and exciting research expeditions the world had ever seen. They allowed their vessel, the Fram, to be frozen into the ice close to the New Siberian Islands, in the Arctic Ocean. Three years were to elapse before the ice released its hold on the Fram and allowed her to return to Norway via the strait between Greenland and Spitsbergen, which later came to be known as Fram Strait. The research carried out during Fram's drift in the ice altered forever our concept of the Arctic Basin.
Preface
0. M. Johannessen, R. Muench, and J. E. Overland xi
Fridtjof Nansen—Scientist, Diplomat and Humanist
T. Gjelsvik 1
The Arctic Ocean and Climate: A Perspective
K. Aagaard and E. C. Carmack 5
A Review of Coupled Ice-Ocean Models
G. L. Mellor and S. Hiikkinen 21
On the Intermediate Depth Waters of the Arctic Ocean
B. Rudels, E. P. Jones, L. G. Anderson, and G. Kattner 33
Nutrient-Based Tracers in the Western Arctic: A New Lower Halocine Water Defined
D. K. Salmon and C. P. McRoy 47
The Potential of Barium as a Tracer of Arctic Water Masses
K. K. Falkner, R. W. Macdonald, E. C. Carmack, and T. Weingartner 63
The Northern Barents Sea: Water Mass Distribution and Modification
S. L. Pfirman, D. Bauch, and T. Gammelsrod 77
A Study on the Inflow of Atlantic Water to the GIN Sea Using GEOSAT Altimeter Data
P. Samuel, J. A. Johannessen, and 0. M. Johannessen 95
Observation and Simulation of Ice Tongues and Vortex Pairs in the Marginal Ice Zone
0. M. Johannessen, S. Sandven, W. P. Budge/l, J. A. Johannessen, and R. A. Schuchman 109
The Arctic Ocean Tides
Z. KowaIlk and A. Y. Proshutinsky 137
Distribution of Water Masses on the Continental Shelf in the Southern Weddell Sea
T. GammelsrOd, A. Foldvik, 0. A. NOst, 0. Skagseth, L. G. Anderson, E. Fogelqvist, K. Olsson, T. Tanhua, E. P. Jones, and S. Osterus 159
228Ra and 228Th in the Weddell Sea
M. M. Rutgers van der Loeff 177
Modelling the Extent of Sea Ice Ridging in the Weddell Sea
M. Harder and P. Lemke 187
Thermobaric Convection
R. W. Garwood, Jr., S. M. Isakari, and P. C. Gallacher 199
Oceanic Convection in the Greenland Sea Odden Region as Interpreted in Satellite Data
F. D. Carsey and A. T. Roach 211
Transport of Biogenic Particulate Matter to Depth Within the Greenland Sea
T. 0. Manley and W. 0. Smith, Jr. 223
Modelling of Deep-Sea Gravity Currents Using an Integrated Plume Model
G. Alendal, H. Drange, and P. M. Haugan 237
Net Primary Production and Stratification in the Ocean
T. Platt, J. D. Woods, S. Sathyendranath, and W. Barkmann 247
Distribution of Dissolved Inorganic and Organic Carbon in the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean
L. G. Anderson, K. Olsson, and A. Skoog 255
Primary Productivity of a Phaeocystis Bloom in the Greenland Sea During Spring, 1989
W. 0. Smith 263
Air-Sea CO, Fluxes in the Southern Ocean Between 25° E and 85° E
A. Poisson, N. Metzl, X. Danet, F. Louanchi, C. Brunet, B. Schauer, B. Bres, and D. Ruiz-Pino 273
Arctic Structural Evolution: Relationship to Paleoceanography
G. L. Johnson, J. Pogrebitsky, and R. Macnab 285
Mid-Pleistocene Climate Shift—The Nansen Connection
W. H. Berger and E. Jansen 295
Variability of the Atmospheric Energy Flux Across 70° N Computed from the GFDL Data Set
J. E. Overland and P. Turet 313
The Influence of Polar Oceans on Interannual Climate Variations
G. Alekseev 327
Sea Ice Thickness Changes and Their Relation to Climate
P. Wadhams 337
Variability in Sea-Ice Thickness Over the North Pole From 1958 to 1992
A. S. McLaren, R. H. Bourke, J. E. Walsh, and R. L. Weaver 363
On the Required Accuracy of Atmospheric Forcing Fields for Driving Dynamic-Thermodynamic Sea Ice Models
H. Fischer and P. Lemke 373
On the Effect of Ocean Circulation on Arctic Ice-Margin Variations
W. D. Hibler, III and J. Zhang 383
On the Surface Heat Fluxes in the Weddell Sea
J. Launiainen and T. Vihma 399
Southern Ocean Wave Fields During the Austral Winters, 1985-1988, by GEOSAT Radar Altimeter
W. J. Campbell, E. G. Josberger, and N. M. Mognard 421
Factors Affecting Variations of Snow Surface Temperature and Air Temperature Over Sea Ice in
Winter
P. S. Guest and K. L. Davidson 435
Aircraft Measured Atmospheric Momentum, Heat and Radiation Fluxes Over Arctic Sea Ice
J. Hartmann, C. Kottmeier, C. Wamser, and E. Augestein 443
Opening and Closing of the "Husky 1" Lead Complex
R. W. Fett, K. L. Davidson, and J. E. Overland 455
Polynyas as a Possible Source for Enigmatic Bennett Island Atmospheric Plumes
D. Dethleff 475
Interannual Variability of the Thermohaline Structure in the Convective Gyre of the Greenland Sea
G. V. Alekseev, V. V. Ivanov, and A. A. Korablev 485
Microwave Remote Sensing of the Snow and Ice Cover: The Russian Experience
K. Y. Kondratyev and V. V. Melentyev 497
Short- and Long-Term Temporal Behavior of Polar Sea Ice Covers From Satellite
Passive-Microwave Observations
W. J. Campbell, P. Gloersen, and H. J. Zwally 505
Acoustic Remote Sensing
W. H. Munk 521
Closing Note: A Tribute to Fridtjof Nansen
N. Untersteiner 525