Synopses & Reviews
Principles of Learning and Memory focuses on the most actual and central phenomena, which are discussed from an interdisciplinary point of view in five sections: formation, organization, consolidation, control, and adaptive specialization of memories. The editors' intention is to present state-of-the-art reviews that cover the experimental analysis of behavior, as well as the biological basis of learning and memory, and that overcome traditional borders separating disciplines. The authors met in March 2001 for a three-day conference, where they discussed their planned contributions. The resulting chapters present and evaluate core findings of human learning and memory that are obtained in different fields of research and on different levels of analysis (e.g., cellular, neural network, behavioral level). The volume provides an integrated pattern of results wherever this is possible. The reader will acquire a broad and integrated perspective of human learning and memory based on current approaches in this domain. Principles of Learning and Memory is a textbook for researchers and advanced students in biology, cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and cognitive science. Features and benefits: - Combines well-established central principles and phenomena and current approaches from cognitive science, neuroscience, and biology to emphasize connections between the findings in these different domains of research - Takes into account results from empirical research and modeling approaches - The contents are grouped into five sections: A. Formation of Memories B. Organization of Memories C. Consolidation of Memories D. Control of Memories E. Adaptive Specialization of Memories - Contains an integrated bibliography, a name index, and a subject index - The editors and authors are well known scientists, who have made significant contributions to the field of learning and memory
Synopsis
The selected topics in this volume provide an interdisciplinary perspective on learning and memory. The volume focuses on specific phenomena and principles which are well established and central to human learning and memory. It emphasizes connections between findings on different levels of analysis in cognitive science, neuroscience and biology.
Synopsis
Principles of Learning and Memory presents state-of-the-art reviews that cover the experimental analysis of behavior, as well as the biological basis of learning and memory, and that overcome traditional borders separating disciplines. The resulting chapters present and evaluate core findings of human learning and memory that are obtained in different fields of research and on different levels of analysis. The reader will acquire a broad and integrated perspective of human learning and memory based on current approaches in this domain.
Table of Contents
Short List of Contents(.-) Contents(.-) Preface(.-) A. FORMATION OF MEMORIES(.-) 1. The Principle of Contiguity (Harald Lachnit)(.-) Historical Antecedents: Philosophical Roots and Early Psychology(.)Empirical Departures from the Omnipotent Law of Contiguity(.)Theoretical Attempts to Retain the Law of Contiguity(.)Further Empirical Challenges to the Law of Contiguity(.)Competition Protects the Principle of Contiguity(.)Contiguity of Memory Traces(.)Back to the Significance of Contiguity for Learning(.)The Behavioral Expression of an Association Needs More Than Contiguity(.)Renouncing Contiguity in Favor of Time and Rate?(.-) 2. The Principle of Learning Based on Multiple Brain Structures (Thomas Kress and Irene Daum)(.-) Classical Conditioning as a Model System in the Neurobiology of Learning(.)Neuroanatomical Basis of Delay Conditioning(.)The Role of the Hippocampus(.)The Role of the Cerebellum(.)The Role of the Basal Ganglia(.)Brain Substrates of Complex Conditioning(.)Cerebellar-Hippocampal Interactions(.)Neuropsychological Studies in Patients with Damage to the Hippocampal System(.)Cerebellar-Prefrontal Interactions(.)Recent Developments(.)Conclusion(.-) 3. The Principle of Brain Plasticity (Brigitte Röder & Frank Rösler)(.-) Training-Induced Plasticity(.) Somatosensory System(.)Auditory System(.)Visual System(.)Motor System(.)Effects of enriched environments(.)Mechanisms(.)Lesion-Induced Plasticity(.)Intramodal Plasticity after Partial Deafferentiation(.) Intermodal Plasticity after Totally Deafferenting One Sensory System(.)Differences between Developmental and Adult Plasticity(.-) 4. The Principle of Emotional Learning (Gerhard Roth)(.-) Studies on the Interaction between Memory and Emotional States(.)The Memory System Inside the Brain(.)What are Emotions and Where do they Originate in the Brain?(.)The Neuronal Basis of Interaction between Memory and Emotion(.)The Role of Stress on Memory(.)Cellular Mechanisms of the Interaction between Memory and Emotions(.)Conclusion(.-) B. ORGANIZATION OF MEMORIES(.-) 5. The Principle of Code-Specific Memory Representations (Frank Rösler and Martin Heil)(.-) Empirical Foundations(.)Theoretical Foundations(.)Findings from Brain Imaging Studies(.)Spatial and Verbal Working Memory(.)Spatial and Object Working Memory(.)Long-term Memory for Verbal, Spatial, Color, and Motor Associations(.)Category-specific Representations(.)Conclusion(.-) 6. The Principle of Multiple Memory Systems (Axel Buchner and Martin Brandt)(.-) Distinct Memory Systems(.)Levels of Distinction(.)Working Memory(.)Modular Working Memory(.)Working Memory as Activated Memory(.)A Formal Model of Working Memory: The Feature Model(.)Summary of Working Memory Models(.)Long-Term Memory(.)Declarative versus Non-declarative Memory(.)Explicit versus Implicit Memory Measurement(.)Episodic versus Semantic Memory(.)Global Memory Models(.)Conclusion: Limits of the Principle of Multiple Memory Systems(.-) 7. Modules of Working Memory (John Jonides, Ching-Yune C. Sylvester, Steven C. Lacey, Tor D. Wager, Thomas E. Nichols, and Edward Awh)(.-) Verbal versus Spatial Storage(.)Rehearsal(.)Executive Mechanisms(.)Conclusion(.-) C. CONSOLIDATION OF MEMORIES(.-) 8. The Principle of Memory Consolidation and Its Pharmacological Modulation (Rainer K.W. Schwarting)(.-) The Consolidation Hypothesis and Its Origins(.)Experimental Procedures for Post-Trial Designs(.)Inhibitory Avoidance(.)Habituation of Exploration and Other Designs(.)Specific Aspects of Post-Trial Designs(.)Pharmacological Manipulations of Consolidation(.)An Example for a Pharmacological Post-Trial Approach: Cholinergic Manipulations in the Nucleus Accumbens of the Laboratory Rat(.)Brief Anatomy of the Nucleus Accumbens(.)Transmitters in the Nucleus Accumbens(.)Cholinergic Activity in the Nucleus Accumbens(.)Evidence for a Role of the Nucleus Accumbens in Mnestic Processes(.)Post-Trial Manipulations of Cholinergic Function in the Nacc(.)Discussion(.)Conclusion(.-) 9. The Principle of Cross-Cortical Consolidation of Declarative Memories (Ken A. Paller)(.-) Declarative Memory and Amnesia(.)Defining Declarative Memory(.)A Neural Feature of Declarative Memory: Cross-Cortical Consolidation(.)Another Neural Feature of Declarative Memory: Coherence Ensembles(.)Retrograde Amnesia, Ongoing Hippocampal Contributions, and Sleep(.)Beyond Declarative Memory: Questions of Definition(.)Declarative Memory and Conscious Recollection(.)Neuroimaging and Declarative Memory(.)Conclusion(.-) 10. The Principle of Bottleneck Structures (Matthias Brand and Hans J. Markowitsch)(.-) Classification of Memory(.)Amnesic Syndromes(.)Medial Temporal Lobe Amnesia(.)Medial Diencephalic Amnesia(.)Basal Forebrain Amnesia(.)Amygdala Damage and Memory(.)Damage of Non Limbic Structures and Amnesia(.)Psychogenic and Functional Amnesia(.)Anatomical Bases of Memory(.)Encoding and Consolidation(.)Storage of Information(.)Retrieval of Information(.)Conclusion(.-) D. CONTROL OF MEMORIES(.-) The Principle of Controlling Neuronal Dynamics in Neocortex: Rapid Reorganization and Consolidation of Neuronal Assemblies (Matthias H. J. Munk)(.-) Problems in Understanding Cortical Information Processing(.)Features of the Cortical Wetware(.)Dynamical Organization of Large Neuronal Populations: Synchronisation of Oscillations in the Gamma-Frequency Band(.)Mechanisms and Putative Functions of Gamma Oscillations(.)Adaptivity versus Consolidation(.)Conclusion(.-) 12. The Principle of Inhibition (Dale Dagenbach and Aycia K. Kubat-Silman)(.-) What Constitutes Inhibition?(.)Generalized Inhibitory Theories(.)Problems for Generalized Inhibitory Accounts(.)Inhibition and Working Memory(.)The Inhibition-Resource Model(.)Attention, Inhibition, and Working Memory(.)Backward Inhibition in Working Memory(.)Inhibition and Long-Term Memory(.)Inhibition in Episodic Memory(.)Inhibition in Semantic Memory(.)The Neural Correlates of Inhibition(.)Conclusion(.-) 13. Towards Principles of Executive Control: How Mental Sets are Selected (Ulrich Mayr)(.-) Towards Principles of Executive Control: How Mental Sets are Selected(.)The Task-Switching Paradigm: Basic Issues and Findings(.)Selection of Simple Actions versus Selection of Sets(.)Preparation of Mental Set and Residual Switch Costs(.)Switch Costs versus Global Selection Costs(.)Response Conflict(.)Verbal Processing and Selection of Sets(.)The Role of Task-Set Inhibition(.)Mental Sets, Working Memory and Long-Term Memory(.)Working Memory as the Selection Device(.)The Role of Long-Term-Memory Retrieval(.)The Retrieval-Structure View of Task-Set Selection(.)Selection of Sets and Representational Coherence(.)Representational Coherence(.)Neurocognitive Implementation of Representational Coherence(.)Representational Coherence and the Retrieval-View of Task Switching(.)Conclusion(.-) E. ADAPTIVE SPECIALIZATION OF MEMORIES(.-) 14. The Principle of Species Independent Learning Phenomena (Onur Güntürkün and Daniel Durstewitz)(.-) The Power of General Process Learning Theory(.)Cellular Basis of Association Learning(.)The Evolutionary Diversity of Learning(.)Constraints on Learning in Pigeons(.)The Neural Basis of Learning Constraints(.-) 15. The Principle of Adaptive Specialization as It Applies to Learning and Memory (Charles R. Gallistel)(.-) Adaptive Specialization in the Memory Mechanism(.)Thermodynamic Stability(.)High Density(.)Information is Information(.)Coding(.)Adaptive Specialization in Learning Processes(.)Learning Current Location(.)Learning the Solar Ephemeris(.)Learning a Language(.)Conditioning(.)Conclusion(.-) References(.-) Name Index(.-) Subject Index(.-) List of Contributors