Since the beginning of human history, people have depended on the natural resources of Earth for the basics of survival: food, water, energy, and shelter. As civilizations advanced, their needs became greater and their impact on the natural world grew more intrusive. Teen Guides to Environmental Science presents a comprehensive look at the current state of our environment and what needs to be done to repair the damage and move toward a sustainable society. Beginning in Volume 1 with an explanation of the earth's systems and its ecology, the authors then present an in-depth look at each of the land and water biomes and their climates. Volume 2 covers land, water, and energy resources. Volume 3 is devoted to the history of the human population in both agricultural and industrial societies, food supply, energy requirements, economics, communication, transportation, and technology. Volume 4 examines the human impact on the environment, including air and water pollution, soil erosion and deforestation, the impact on wildlife, and the problems of disease and toxic wastes. Finally, Volume 5 discusses how the environment, the economy, and social concerns must all be taken into consideration to create a sustainable environment. More than 500 images, timelines, lists of environmental organizations and agencies, and over 100 suggested activities for students provide further information on one of the most important and debated topics of the 21st century.
[A]n excellent introduction to environmental science that should serve high school and public libraries well.Gale Lawrence Looks at Books
Starred Review Teen Guides to Environmental Science is a five-volume set for middle school and high school students that gives a comprehensive look at the current state of our environment and what needs to be done to repair the damage and move toward a sustainable society....Highly Recommended.Library Media Connection
This set offers a thorough look at the current state or our environment, what can be done to repair the damage that been done, and how we can work to create a sustainable society....This set would be useful for large public and school libraries with a curriculum that includes environmental studies.School Library Journal
[I]ntended to align with National Geography Standards and National Science Education Standards as well as standards from the North American Association for Environmental Education, making it a good choice for school and curriculum-oriented public libraries.Booklist/Reference Books Bulletin
The five-volume set Teen Guides to Environmental Science, intended for teens in high school, should not be neglected by college-level or public libraries either: each book is packed with images, timelines, lists of environment agencies and organizations, and all the details necessary to involve any adult.MBR Bookwatch
This five-volume set presents a comprehensive look at the current state of our environment and what needs to be done to repair the damage and move toward a sustainable society.
This five-volume set presents a comprehensive look at the current state of our environment and what needs to be done to repair the damage and move toward a sustainable society. More than 500 images, timelines, lists of environmental organizations and agencies, and over 100 suggested activities for students provide further information on one of the most important and debated topics of the 21st century.
JOHN MONGILLO is a noted science writer and educator. He is coauthor of Encyclopedia of Environmental Science, and Environmental Activists, both available from Greenwood.PETER MONGILLO has won several awards for his teaching, including School District Teacher of the Year, National Endowment for the Humanities Fellowship Award, and the National Council for Geographic Education Distinguished Teacher Award.
Acknowledgments
Introduction
CHAPTER 1 Earth Systems
Biosphere
Lithosphere
Earths Crust and Mantle
Rocks
Earths Surface Is Broken Up
Soil Development
Atmosphere
Atmospheric Gases
Greenhouse Effect
Layers of the Atmosphere
Climate
Hydrosphere
Oceans
Freshwater Bodies
Wetlands
CHAPTER 2 Earths Biosphere
Ecosystems
Biomes
Living Organisms in the Ecosystem
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals
Adaptation of Species
Predation
Competition
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism
Populations and Communities
Populations
Communities
CHAPTER 3 How Ecosystems Work
Producers
Photosynthesis
Chemosynthesis
Consumers
Herbivores
Carnivores
Omnivores
Scavengers and Decomposers
Energy Flows Through Ecosystems
Food Chain
Feeding Levels
Food Webs
Pyramid of Energy
Other Ecological Pyramids
Matter Flows Through Ecosystems
Water Cycle or Hydrological Cycle
Carbon Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Phosphorus Cycle
Calcium Cycle
CHAPTER 4 Land Biomes: Forests
Taiga Forests
Taiga Forest Ecosystem
Environmental Concerns of Taiga Forests
Temperate Forests
Temperate Deciduous Forests
Temperate Rain Forests
Tropical Rain Forests
Rain Forest Ecosystem
Animal Species
Mutualistic Interactions
Environmental Concerns of Tropical Rain Forests
Urban Forests
Benefits of Urban Forests
Environmental Concerns of Urban Forests
CHAPTER 5 Other Land Biomes
Grasslands
Temperate Grasslands
Tropical Grasslands or Savannas
Environmental Concerns of Grasslands
Deserts
Life in the Desert
Environmental Concerns of Deserts
Chaparral
Environmental Concerns of the Chaparral
Tundra
Permafrost
Tundra Plants
Environmental Concerns of the Tundra
CHAPTER 6 Water Biomes
Plankton
Freshwater Biomes
Rivers
Ponds and Lakes
Freshwater Swamps, Marshes, and Bogs
Marine Biomes
Estuaries
Rocky Shores or Intertidal Zones
Coastal Ocean or the Neritic Zone
Open Ocean Zone
CHAPTER 7 Changes in the Ecosystem
Impact of Natural Disasters on Ecosystems
Floods and Forest Fires
Earthquakes and Volcanoes
Hurricanes,Typhoons, and Monsoons
Ecological Succession
Primary Succession
Secondary Succession
Pioneer Species
Succession in Aquatic Ecosystems
Impact of Evolution on Ecosystems
Impact of Extinction on Ecosystems
Impact of Humans on Ecosystems
Air Pollution
Water Pollution
Appendix A: Environmental Timeline, 16202004
Appendix B: Endangered Species by State
Appendix C: Websites by Classification
Appendix D: Environmental Organizations
Volume II
Acknowledgments
Introduction
CHAPTER 1Conventional Energy Sources
Fossil Fuels
Petroleum Resources
Natural Gas
Coal Resources
CHAPTER 2 Nuclear Energy
World Use of Nuclear Energy
Nuclear Energy Basics
Nuclear Power Plants
How Nuclear Reactors Function
Components of a Nuclear Reactor
Types of Reactors
Pros and Cons of Using Nuclear Energy
Nuclear Fusion
The Future of Nuclear Energy
CHAPTER 3 Alternative Energy Resources
Wind Energy
Wind Farms and Plants
Environmental Concerns of Wind Power
Hydroelectric Power
Mini-Hydros
Environmental Concerns of Hydroelectric Power
Solar Energy
Passive Solar Heating Systems
Active Solar Heating Systems
Solar Photovoltaic Cell (PV)
Geothermal Energy
Advantages of Geothermal Power Plants
Environmental Concerns of Geothermal Energy
Biomass
Fuelwood
Biofuel
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
Environmental Concerns of OTEC
Hydrogen Fuel Cell
Some Concerns of Fuel Cells
CHAPTER 4 Land Resources: Soil and Minerals
Soil Resources
Importance of Soil
Soil Formation
Some Properties of Soil
Soil Profile
The Influence of Soil on Land Uses
World Distribution of Soils
Minerals
Composition of Minerals
Mineral Groups
Mining and Smelting the Minerals
CHAPTER 5 Land Resources: Forests
Forests Contributions
Fuelwood
Wood Products
Paper Products
Non-Timber Products: Food and Other Materials
Medicinal Uses of Forest Products
Environmental Concerns of Forests
CHAPTER 6 Water: A Basic Resource
Freshwater Uses
The Water Cycle
Freshwater Sources
Use of Water for Irrigation
Oceans: Saltwater Resources
Food Sources from the Ocean
Aquaculture
Ocean Minerals
CHAPTER 7 Wildlife and Wilderness Resources
Wildlife Refuges
National Wildlife Refuge System
Wilderness Conservation
Parks and Forests
National Park System
National Forest System
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Establishment of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Endangered Species Act
Bureau of Land Management
River Systems and National Trails
Wild and Scenic Rivers Act
National Trails System
Appendix A: Environmental Timeline, 16202004
Appendix B: Endangered Species by State
Appendix C: Websites by Classification
Appendix D: Environmental Organizations
Index
Volume III
Acknowledgments
Introduction
CHAPTER 1 Prehistoric Human Societies in the Stone Age
Paleolithic Period
Hunting and Gathering Societies
Old Stone Age
Stone Age Technology
Putting Stone Tools to Work
Location of Stone Tools
New Stone Age Technology
Neolithic Period and Gathering Societies Decline
Cultivation of Wild Plants
Domestication of Animals
CHAPTER 2 Early Human Civilizations
Challenges to Sedentism
Overcoming Environmental Barriers
Mesopotamia
Controlling the Water
Food Sources
Development of Metal Tools
Clay and Bricks
Economy and Trade
The Legacy of the Fertile Crescent
Human Impact on Mesopotamias Natural Resources
Ancient Egypt
Geography and Natural Resources
Soil Resources
Water Resources and Irrigation
Agriculture
Other Natural Resources
Economy and Trade
Gifts and Benefits of the Early Egyptians
Human Impact on Egypts Environment
Ancient Greece
Geography
Early Farming
City-States
Environment and Natural Resources
Economy and Trade
The Legacy of the Greek Civilization
Human Impact on Greeces Environment
Ancient Rome
Agriculture and the Roman Empire
Natural Resources
Economy and Trade
Technology
Benefits of the Romans
Human Impact on the Roman Empire
Ancient China
Geography and Climate
Economy and Trade
Technology
Legacy of Early China
Human Impact on Chinas Natural Environment
Ancient India
Geography and Climate
Early Legacy
Early Agriculture
Human Impact on Indias Natural Resources
CHAPTER 3 The Agricultural Revolution: Expansion of Agricultural Productivity
Expansion of Agriculture
England and the Second Agricultural Revolution
Early Agricultural Production
Time for a Change: Land Enclosure
Crop Rotation and Natural Fertilizers
Farm Mechanization
Livestock Breeding
Agricultural Revolution in America
Slash-and-Burn Farming
Early Colonial Farmers
The Great Plains:A New Region to Farm
Farm Technology
Improving Traditional Crops
Benefits of the Agricultural Revolution
Agricultural Impact on the Environment
CHAPTER 4 The Industrial Revolution: Economic, Social, and Environmental Changes
Pre-Industrial Revolution
Cottage Industry System
Industrial Revolution in England
The Factory System
The Birth of the Industrial Revolution
Resources of Great Britain
Great Britain as a World Leader
Industrial Revolution in America
Samuel SlaterFather of the American Industrial Revolution
Edmund Cartwright and Others
The American Factory System
Change in Energy Sources During the Industrial Revolution
Early Wind Power and Waterpower
Fuel Wood, Charcoal, and Coal
Iron and Steel
Coal Gas
Natural Gas
Petroleum Resources
Drilling for Petroleum
Transportation
Steam Power and Steam Engines
Railroads and Automobiles
Electricity for Light, Power, and Communications
Light and Power
Communications
Newspapers
Food and Food Distribution
Health and Medicine
Health Conditions
Accidents
Industrial Revolution: Benefits and Achievements
Industrial Revolution: Social, Cultural, and Environmental Impact
CHAPTER 5 Economic Expansion and the Environment
Goods and Services
Goods
Services
The Production of Goods and Services
Natural Resources
Human Resources
Capital Resources
Stages in the Production of Goods and Services
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Impact of the Three Stages on Natural Resources
Mining
Smelting
Economic Models
The Free Enterprise System
The Command Model
Measuring the Economy
Gross Domestic Product
Gross Domestic Product by Industry
Gross Domestic Product of the Sales and Production of Light Vehicles
Economics and the Environment
Business Stewardship: Eco-Efficiency
CHAPTER 6 The Growing Human Population: Food Supply and Social Issues
Human Population
Measuring Population Growth and Decline
Birthrate and Death Rate
Population Growth in Less-Developed Countries
Population Decline in Europe
Carrying Capacity
Limiting Factors
Zero Population Growth
Analyzing and Projecting Population Trends
Food Production and Distribution
Sources of Food
Hunger and Malnutrition
Root Causes of Hunger
Human Health and Disease
Human Rights and Environmental Issues
Appendix A: Environmental Timeline, 16202004
Appendix B: Endangered Species by State
Appendix C: Websites by Classification
Appendix D: Environmental Organizations
Index
Volume IV
Acknowledgments
Introduction
CHAPTER 1 Air Pollution: Outside and Indoors
Composition of Air
Causes of Air Pollution
Natural Causes
Human Causes
Clean Air Act
The Six Criteria Air Pollutants
Smog:A Dirty Haze in the Atmosphere
Industrial Smog
Photochemical Smog
Temperature Inversion
Air Pollution and Human Health
Technology Strategies to Control Air Pollution
Catalytic Converters
Electrostatic Precipitators
Scrubbers
Indoor Pollutants
Radon
Noise Pollution
Reducing Noise Levels
CHAPTER 2 Global Air Pollution: Acid Precipitation, Climate Warming, and Ozone Depletion
Atmosphere
Earths Troposphere
Earths Stratosphere
Acid Rain
Composition of Acid Rain
Measuring Acid Rain
Global Impact of Acid Rain
Reducing Acid-forming Emissions
No Borders for Acid Rain
Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming
Greenhouse Effect
Greenhouse Gases
Rising Global Temperatures
Effects of Climate Change
Problems in the Ozone Layer
Ozone Depletion in Antarctica
Ozone Hole
Protective Measures
Protecting the Ozone Layer
CHAPTER 3 Water Pollution on Land and Sea
Freshwater Pollution
Potable Water
Agricultural Pollution
Thermal Pollution
Water-borne Diseases
Coliform Bacteria
Tracking the Sources of Water Pollution
Point Sources
Nonpoint Sources
Groundwater Pollution and Depletion
Aquifer Depletion
Cleanup of Water Pollution
Clean Water Act
Sewage Treatment Plant
Safe Drinking Act
Treating Drinking Water
Water Conservation
Ocean Water Pollution
Polluted Ocean Environments
Oil Pollution
Laws to Protect the Ocean
Ocean Dumping Act
CHAPTER 4 Solid Wastes: Garbage, Trash, and Litter
Solid Wastes
Garbage
Trash and Litter
Solid Waste Management Facilities
Landfills and Sanitary Landfills
Incineration
Source Reduction and Recycling
Composting
Regulating Solid Wastes
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
CHAPTER 5 Hazardous and Radioactive Wastes
Hazardous Wastes
Toxic Wastes
Love Canal:The First Major U.S. Hazardous Disaster
Laws to Manage Hazardous Wastes
Disposing of Hazardous Wastes
Nuclear Radioactive Wastes
Low-Level Radioactive Wastes
High-Level Radioactive Wastes
Sources of Radioactive Wastes
Radioactive Waste Disposal
Radiation Sickness
CHAPTER 6 Loss of Forests and Agricultural Pollution
Deforestation
Causes of Deforestation
Consequences of Deforestation
Solving the Problems of Deforestation
Agricultural Pollution
Fertilizer Runoff
Feedlot Runoff
Pesticides
CHAPTER 7 Decline of Wild Species and Habitats
Endangered and Threatened Species
Causes of Extinction
Habitat Loss
Poaching
Alien Species
Overfishing
Overhunting of Whales
Biodiversity
Value of Biodiversity
Treaties, Laws, and Lists to Protect Biodiversity
Biodiversity Treaty
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
Endangered Species Act
Endangered Species and Threatened Species List
Red List of Endangered Species
Programs to Protect Wildlife Species and Habitats
Wildlife Refuges
U.S.Wildlife Refuge System
International Reserves
Captive Propagation
Appendix A: Environmental Timeline, 16202004
Appendix B: Endangered Species by State
Appendix C: Websites by Classification
Appendix D: Environmental Organizations
Index
Volume V
Acknowledgments
Introduction
CHAPTER 1 Creating a Sustainable Society
Sustainable Development
The Goals of Sustainable Development
Creating a Sustainable Environment
The Issues
Creating a More Sustainable Environment, Protecting Biodiversity
Creating a Sustainable Social System
The Issues
Human Rights and a Sustainable Society
Creating a Sustainable Economy
The Issues
A Sustainable Economy
The Sustainable Development Movement
Man and the Biosphere Programme
United Nations Environmental Programme
Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species
Brundtland Report
Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
Kyoto Protocol, Earth Summit
World Summit 2002
Individual Stewardship and Activism
Career Choices in Creating a Sustainable Society
CHAPTER 2 Sustainable Energy Systems
Impact of Fossil Fuel Emissions on the Environment
Changing to Sustainable Energy Systems
Sustainable Energy Systems
Wind Energy
Solar Energy
Geothermal Energy
Biomass
Hydroelectric Power
Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
CHAPTER 3 Sustainable Agriculture and Fishing
Sustainable Agriculture
Plant Production
Sustainable Agriculture and Animals
Sustainable Water Uses in Farming
Sustainable Fishing and Aquaculture
The Issues
Creating More Sustainability Programs
Aquaculture
Plant Aquaculture
Rebuilding Fish Stocks
Eco-labeling of Fish
Other Measures
CHAPTER 4 Sustainable Forests and Preserving Wildlife Species
Disappearing Forests
Benefits of Forests
Managing Forests Sustainably
Tree Harvesting Methods
Reforestation
Tree Farms
Certifying Sustainable Forest Products
Preserving Wildlife Species and Protecting Biodiversity
Disappearing Wildlife Species
Protecting Biodiversity and Wildlife Species
Cites
Programs to Protect Wildlife Species and Habitats
Wildlife Refuges
World Wildlife Fund
CHAPTER 5 Sustainable Business Stewardship
Business Stewardship: Eco-Efficiency
Goals of Eco-Efficiency
Eco-Efficiency and the Life Cycle of a Product
Some Eco-Efficiency Companies
Some Examples of Sustainable Products
Eco-Industrial Parks
Business Stewardship: Eco-Labeling
Examples of Eco-Labels
Be Cautious of Eco-Labels
Accounting for Eco-Efficiency and Sustainability
Gross Domestic Product
CHAPTER 6 Sustainable Communities and Transportation
Problems Caused by Sprawl
Strategies to Contain Sprawl and Build Sustainable Communities
Setting Growth Boundaries for Communities and Providing More Green Space
Purchasing Land
Restoring Cities into More Sustainable Communities
Cleaning Up Brownfields
Other Strategies for Sustainable Communities
Environmental Activism in the Community
Turn the Tide
EcoTeams
Local Community Currencies
Strategies for a Sustainable Transportation System
Traffic Congestion and Air Pollution
Bus Transit
Cleaner Fuels for Buses
Using the Rails
Bike Commuting
Telecommuting
Traffic Congestion and Safety
Traffic Calming
Traffic Circles
CHAPTER 7 A Sustainable Society Requires Activism
Young Environmental Activists
Activism,An American Pastime
Schools Using Sustainable Practices
What Can I Do?
Appendix A: Environmental Timeline, 16202004
Appendix B: Endangered Species by State
Appendix C: Websites by Classification
Appendix D: Environmental Organizations
Index