E[ Top ]
EBCDIC conversion, 661
echo command, 98
in bash cells, 902
in Bourne shell scripts, 834-835
in C shell, 905
combining two, 885
command-line arguments, 123
control characters used with, 891
creating error messages, 124
debugging using, 896
-e, -E options, 903
escape sequences interpreted by, 902
examples, 828, 834, 842, 881, 905, 908
external versions of, 131
interpreting octal numbers, 891
-n option, 903
sending escape sequences, 759
shell scripts using, 881
showing values of variables, 91
smart echoing, 757
turning off, 881
version differences, 902
writing special escape sequences, 106
echo flag, turning off, 751
echo shell variable, 99, 140
ed editor
diff command and, 500
file size limits, 599
no matches error, 598
ediff script, 499, 979
edit command (SCCS), 358
editing
compressed files, 427
paired item checking, 520
with power tools, 7
spell checking (see spell checking)
with file comparisons, 500-502
EDITOR environment variable, 91
editors
ed (see ed editor)
Emacs (see Emacs editor)
ex (see ex editor)
patch (see patch program)
qsubst program, 601, 986
scripting line editors, 591-599
sed (see sed editor)
vi (see vi editor)
egrep script, 309, 464, 478, 482, 489, 981
+ (plus sign), 478
? (question mark), 478
| (vertical bar), 478
calendar command, 922
case statement building, 920
catman compared to, 948
examples, 920, 948-949
-f option, 480
-i option, 950
killing processes, 707
loop building, 920
options, 920
question mark (?), 478
searching manual pages, 950
eight-bit filenames, 410
elapsed time, 713, 717
elookfor script, 309, 979
else statement
examples, 830
(see also if loops)
Emacs editor, 979
abbreviations, 587-588
advantages over other editors, 579-581
auto-save file, 582
backup file, 582
C shell's PWD and, 586
command completion, 583
directory for, 67
emacs mode command-line editing, 206
global initialization file, 582
insert mode versus overwrite, 583
key mapping, 584
mouse-based editors versus, 580
quoting control characters, 586
search customizations, 585
temporary files generated by, 249
x-on/x-off flow control, 588
.emacs file, 581, 588
.emacs_ml file, 584, 974
email
multiple mailboxes, 368
notification of, 367
em-dashes, 808
emoticons, 970
empty files, 232, 366
emptying files, 417
enable command, 131
encoding arguments in termcap or terminfo entries, 766
encryption, 391
end-of-file (EOF) character, 232
effect on subshells, 698
End of file unexpected message, 894-895
end-of-line processing, 86
enscript program, 811
.enter file, 251
.enter.csh script, 974
entomb system, 404-407
env command, 97, 247, 988
listing environment variables, 90
ENV environment variable, 51, 92
environment, 695
modifying, 847
temporary changes in, 227
writing into temporary files, 732
environment variables, 52, 247
advantages, 89
in Bourne shell, 908
in C shell, 908
changed inside redirected loops, 879
setting, 42
(see also under specific variable names)
epsffit program, 812
equal sign (see =)
equations, 797-798
erase character, 83, 751, 966
error messages
capturing for screen, 783
creating, 124
installation process, 1017
program names included in, 846
scrolling off screen, 224
(see also under specific error message)
errors
handled in C shell, 910
in redirected loops, 878
stderr, 223
storing with logerrs script, 234
syntax, 897
(see also debugging; standard errors)
ESC key, file completion and, !55
ESC Z string, 78
escape sequences, 82, 759
backslash character and, 123
copied into files, 965
echo command interpreting, 902
prompt settings and, 107
removing, 806
writing with echo command, 106
/etc directory
/etc/motd script, 54
/etc/passwd file, 27, 961
/etc/shells file, 56
/etc/ttys file, 52
/etc/ttytab file, 52
/etc/passwd file
eval command, 75
advantages, 129
awk compared to, 837
examples, 865, 886
if-then-else in aliases, 188
scanning contents of variables, 867
sed combined with, 886
shell variables and, 190
simulating arrays, 890
ex editor
abbreviations, 550-552, 573
appending to file, 535
capitalizing words, 538
command descriptions, 594-596
confirming substitutions, 533
counting occurrences, 537
diff command and, 500
filtering text, 541
global command, 532
line addressing, 593
modelines, 539
multiple setup files, 540-541
no matches error, 598
open mode, 555-556
patterns, 532, 535-537
quoting | (vertical bar), 567
quoting control characters, 566
recovering files, 545
reverting to saved version, 528
saving files, 528, 534
scripting, 593-596
settings, 530, 539-541
startup commands, 530
stopping search wraps, 537
switching between files, 528
transfer text between files, 529
undoing changes, 533
yank buffers, 529
examples, 969
exclamation point (see !)
exec command, 12, 694, 855
associating file descriptors with files, 875
examples, 858
executable files, 1010, 1019
displaying, 853
errors caused by, 959
executing without showing #!, 853
making executable by using #, 852
permission on, 824
strip command and, 429
testing, 826
execute permission, 376, 393
without read permission, 386
execution statistics, report summarizing, 698
EXINIT environment variable, 92, 100, 181, 530, 555
exit command, 833
.cshrc file, 49
effect on subshells, 698
examples, 828, 833
redirected loops using, 878
to end scripts, 965
exit command (awk), 607
exit command (lpc), 790
.exit file, 251
exit status
background jobs, 829
commands in Bourne shell scripts, 829
loops, 868
nonzero, 901
pipelines, 830
redirected loops, 878
returned by processes, 696
testing, 830, 832, 901
values for expr, 882, 884
zero, 832, 857, 901
(see also status variable)
.exit.csh script, 974
.exit.sh script, 974
exp command (awk), 607
expand command, 755, 979
Expect program, 979
described, 176
testing interactive programs, 179
expr command, 988
$x argument, 884
$@ argument, 884
advantages/disadvantages, 885, 940
alternatives to, 859
as calculator, 940, 942
described, 882
examples, 882, 890
exit status values, 882, 884
jot compared to, 859
listing command-line arguments, 884
loops using, 859
matching character strings, 884
operators, 882
syntax, 882-883
testing character strings, 884
variables, 883
expressions
in C shell, 912, 914
conditional, 830
(see also loops)
expunge program, 978
.exrc file, 70, 530, 539, 570-573, 979
EXSTAT environment variable, 541
exta, extb rates, 749
extended regular expressions, 464
extensions, filename, 19, 68
external control rates, 749
external commands, 103
described, 11
executing, 12
setting variables with, 112
extractres program, 812
F[ Top ]
.f/.F filename extension, 19
F# keys, 218
false program, 988
false, returns, 830
fast find, 304-306
with database, 306-308
fc command, 208
fg command, 212, 214
fgrep script, 479, 979
fi statement (see if statement)
fignore shell variable, 99, 155
file command, 284, 913
file descriptors, 695
associated with files, 875
closing, 906
managing, 855, 905
redirecting, 871-875
uses for, 870
file pointer, 875
File Transfer Protocol (see ftp program)
file types, finding, 444
filec shell variable, 99
filenames
appending date to, 373
on command line, 231
comparing, 282
completion, 154-156, 207
conventions, 16
ending with ~, 249
extensions for, 19, 68
length of, 267
links and, 318, 847, 864
null, 409
picking automatically, 276
restoring from backups by, 348
special characters in, 139, 275, 407-411
starting with . (see dot files)
stripped from pathnames, 867
symbols in, 838
for temporary files, 363
whitespace in, 274
wildcards and, 253-262
files
access permission, 27-30
adding to other files, 438
archiving (see archives)
automatic cleanup of, 61
automatic updating of, 370
backing up, 343-361
binary, searching, 490
on enclosed CD-ROM, 971
closing, 874
comparing, 325
compressed (see compressed files)
copying, 314, 325
to directory, 372, 880
counting by types, 282
creating, 438
deleting (see deleting files)
described, 34, 869
descriptors associated with, 875
displaying contents of
adding/deleting whitespace, 445-446
cat command, 437, 442-444
displaying beginning/end only, 448-450, 452
double-spacing, 447
less utility, 440
more utility, 439
numbering lines, 452
od utility, 442-444
editing, 173
empty, 232, 366
emptying, 417
executable (see executable files)
finding (see searching)
finding duplicate, 280
hidden (see dot files)
inodes, 26, 265
last access time (see last access time)
links to (see symbolic links)
listing, 267-288
modification times, 263, 267, 271, 277, 283, 286
monitoring growth of, 449-450
moving, 315
names for (see filenames)
naming, 67, 315-318, 325-329
notification of change to, 368
ownership (see ownership, file)
paging through, 439
permission for (see permission)
PostScript, 811-812
printing (see printing)
RCS files, 483
recovering, 545
reading, 905
reading line-by-line, 875-878
read-only, 384
saving to (see saving)
searching 174, 862
across lines, 484
agrep script, 481, 487
Boyer-Moore search algorithm, 482
case sensitivity, 489
by column, 489
compound searches, 487
egrep script, 478, 480
by exclusion, 477
fgrep script, 479
glimpse command, 480
grep command, (see grep command)
look program, 490
rcsgrep script, 483
sed with grep, 484, 488
(see also searching)
searching for, 173, 247
searching for lines in, 862
size of (see size, file)
sparse, 433
spell checking (see spell checking)
temporary, 163, 249
text (see text files)
too many for command line, 168
uncompressing, 834
unlinking when open, 419
writing, 905
filesystems
find command and, 313
hierarchical, 314
ID numbers, 310
moving files between, 315
structure of, 21-23
fileutils, 980
filters
described, 4, 35, 870
ex editor, 541
fmt utility for, 557
in index program, 938
vi editor, 542-545
find command, 61, 289-291, 295, 980
\( \) operator, 290
{ } operator, 303
! operator, 290, 295
-a option, 290
-atime option, 290, 293, 296, 365
-ctime option, 290,