I.INTRODUCTION.
1.Gender, Patriarchy, and Social Control.
The Study of Crime and the Male Perspective.
Importance of Patriarchy.
Feminist Theories.
Third-Wave Feminist.
Post-Modern Feminist.
Human Agency.
Oppression, Patriarchal Society, and the Criminal Justice System.
Gender, Class, and Race and Women in the Criminal Justice System.
The Empowerment Perspective.
Paradigm Shift.
II.WOMEN CRIMINALS.
2.Women in Crime.
Explanations of Female Crime.
Extent and Nature of Female Crime.
Women and Drug Offenses.
3.Feminist Theory and Research
Key Features that Distinguish Feminist Theories
The Problem of Generalizability
Masculinities and Crime
Feminist Epistemologies
Research Methods and Methodology
Policy and Action
4.Delinquency Across Life Course
The Life Course Perspective
Female Delinquency Across the Life Course
Gender Across the Life Course
A Feminist Theory of Delinquency
How Gender Bias Affects the Processing of the Female Delinquent
5.Women, Substance Abuse and Criminal Justice
First, The Statistics
Psychological Factors
Social/Societal Factors
Treatment Issues
Addicts Battle Back
Promising Developments
6.The Prison Environment.
History of the Women's Place.
The Population Profile.
Prisoner Profile
Prison Structure.
Attitudes toward Women in Prison.
Degrading Practices.
Inmate Litigation.
Women on Death Row.
Innovative Programs.
7.Restorative Justice Programs to Meet Female Offender Needs: Innovative Advocacy
Principals of Restorative Justice
The Four Models
- Community Conferencing and Circle Sentencing
- Family Group Conferencing (FGCs)
- Reparation and Restitution
- Victim-Offender Conferencing
Female Offender Special Needs
Innovative Programming
Adult Corrections
A Look at Program Effectiveness
Advocacy
III.WOMEN AS VICTIMS AND SURVIVORS.
8.Rape.
Historical Overview.
Prevalence.
Impact of the Mass Media.
Types of Rape.
Criminal Justice Response.
Psychological Trauma.
Treatment and Empowerment.
9.Wife and Partner Abuse.
Historical Overview.
Nature and Scope of the Problem.
Dynamics of Intimate Abuse.
Marital Rape.
Murder-Suicide.
Women Who Kill Their Husbands/Partners.
Theories of Partner Abuse.
The Substance Abuse Connection.
The Psychology of Male Abuse.
Children Witnessing Violence
Criminal Justice Process.
Human Rights Issues.
Empowerment.
10.Women’s Victimization: Global Perspectives
The Impact of Globalization
End Notes
Women’s Rights are Human Rights
Violations of Women Domestically
Community Level Victimization: Sex Trafficking
Victimization of Women at the State Level
Global Initiatives for Rights and Justice
IV.WOMEN AS PROFESSIONALS.
11.Women in Law Enforcement.
A History of Women in Policing.
Barriers of Women in Policing
Comparison of Male and Female Officers' Job Performance.
Gender, Race, and Culture.
Success in a Different Career Path.
Legal Protections.
12.Women in the Legal Profession.
Patriarch Nature of the World of Law.
History of Women in Law.
Law School Socialization.
Patriarchal Nature of the World of Law.
Legal Practice: Struggles in a Man's World.
Race, Class, and Gender.
Mass Media Images.
Strengths of Women Attorneys.
Significance of Women's Entrance into the Law.
13.Women in Corrections.
History of Women in Corrections.
Women Probation Officers.
Women Wardens.
The Correctional Counselor.
The Female Correctional Officer.
14.Summary and New Directions for the Future.
Theme of Gender, Class, and Race/Ethnicity, Sexual Orientation and Age.
Theme of Multiple Oppression of Gender, Class, and Race./Ethnicity, Sexual Orientation and Age.
Theme of Male-Oriented Social Construction of Knowledge.
Importance of Social Context.
Empowerment of Women Involved with the Justice System.
Future Trends.