Following the U.S. declaration of a "war on terror," Washington hawks were quick to label Iraq part of an "axis of evil." After a tense build-up, in March 2003 the United States and Britain invaded Iraq, purportedly to protect Western publics from weapons of mass destruction (WMD). But was this the real reason, or simply a convenient pretext to veil a covert agenda?

Using official sources, Ahmed investigates U.S. and British claims about Iraq's WMD programs, and in the process reveals the hidden motives behind the 2003 invasion and the grand strategy of which it is a part. He shows that the true goals of U.S.-British policy in the Middle East are camouflaged by spin, PR declarations, and seemingly noble words. The reality can only be comprehended through knowledge of the history of Western intervention in the region. Ahmed demonstrates that such intervention has been dictated ruthlessly by economic and political interests, with little regard for human rights. He traces events of the past decades, beginning with the West's support for the highly repressive Shah of Iran, his subsequent usurpation by the Ayatollah's Islamist regime, and the West's resultant backing of Saddam Hussein. The sponsorship of Saddam's tyranny — a self-serving tactic intended to strategically counterbalance Iran — included the supply of technology to build WMD as well as tacit complicity in their use against Iranians and Kurds.

Ahmed's meticulous research into the secret history of Western maneuverings in the Middle East since the collapse of the Ottoman Empire reveals the actual causes of the first Gulf War, the humanitarian catastrophe created by the twelve-year sanctions policy against Iraq, and the consistent obstructions of the Oil for Food program. He also provides information on the West's own widespread use of WMD, and the likely culprits of the 2001 anthrax attacks in the U.S.

Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is a human rights activist and political analyst specializing in the study of conflicts. The Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research & Development, he is the author of a variety of reports on human rights practices, as well as the best-selling book, The War on Freedom: How and Why America was Attacked, September 11, 2001, published in English, German and Italian. Ahmed's work on the conflict in Afghanistan is a recommended resource in leading universities including Harvard and California State, and he was recently named a Global Expert on War, Peace and International Affairs by the Freedom Network of the Henry Hazlitt Foundation in Chicago. Ahmed appears regularly on radio shows in the U.S. as an expert on U.S. foreign policy.

Acknowledgments
Preface
Introduction 1
Pt. 1 The 1991 Gulf Massacre. The Historical and Strategic Context of Western State Terrorism in the Persian Gulf 21
1 The Manipulation of the Middle East 23
2 Defending Western Values in Iran 33
3 The Iran-Iraq War: Still Defending Western Values 48
4 Protecting Order in the Gulf 61
Pt. 2 Bleeding the Gulf. The United Nations Sanctions on Iraq and the Corruption of Human Rights Discourse 99
5 The U.S.-UN Sanctions on Iraq 101
6 The Impact of the Sanctions 112
7 False Pretexts 150
Conclusions: Subjugation or Hope? 243
Postscript: The 'Liberation' of Iraq 273
Notes 303
Index 340