Preface xvii
About the Author xxiii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Applications of Power Electronics 2
1.2 History of Power Electronics 4
1.3 Types of Power Electronic Circuits 6
1.4 Design of Power Electronics Equipment 10
1.5 Determining the Root-Mean-Square Values of Waveforms 11
1.6 Peripheral Effects 12
1.7 Characteristics and Specifications of Switches 15
1.7.1 Ideal Characteristics 15
1.7.2 Characteristics of Practical Devices 16
1.7.3 Switch Specifications 18
1.8 Power Semiconductor Devices 19
1.9 Control Characteristics of Power Devices 25
1.10 Device Choices 25
1.11 Power Modules 29
1.12 Intelligent Modules 29
1.13 Power Electronics Journals and Conferences 31
Summary 32
References 32
Review Questions 33
Problems 33
PART I Power Diodes and Rectifiers 35
Chapter 2 Power Diodes and Switched RLC Circuits 35
2.1 Introduction 36
2.2 Semiconductor Basics 36
2.3 Diode Characteristics 38
2.4 Reverse Recovery Characteristics 41
2.5 Power Diode Types 44
2.5.1 General-Purpose Diodes 44
2.5.2 Fast-Recovery Diodes 45
2.5.3 Schottky Diodes 46
2.6 Silicon Carbide Diodes 46
2.7 Silicon Carbide Schottky Diodes 47
2.8 Spice Diode Model 48
2.9 Series-Connected Diodes 49
2.10 Parallel-Connected Diodes 53
2.11 Diode Switched RC Load 54
2.12 Diode Switched RL Load 56
2.13 Diode Switched LC Load 58
2.14 Diode Switched RLC Load 61
2.15 Frewheeling Diodes With Switched RL Load 65
2.16 Recovery of Trapped Energy with a Diode 68
Summary 72
References 72
Review Questions 73
Problems 73
Chapter 3 Diode Rectifiers 79
3.1 Introduction 80
3.2 Performance Parameters 80
3.3 Single-Phase Full-Wave Rectifiers 82
3.4 Single-Phase Full-Wave Rectifier with RL Load 85
3.5 Single-Phase Full-Wave Rectifier with a Highly Inductive Load 92
3.6 Multiphase Star Rectifiers 94
3.7 Three-Phase Bridge Rectifiers 98
3.8 Three-Phase Bridge Rectifier with RL Load 102
3.9 Three-Phase Rectifier With A Highly Inductive Load 106
3.10 Comparisons of Diode Rectifiers 108
3.11 Rectifier Circuit Design 108
3.12 Output Voltage with LC Filter 120
3.13 Effects of Source and Load Inductances 124
3.14 Practical Considerations for Selecting Inductors and Capacitors 127
3.14.1 AC Film Capacitors 127
3.14.2 Ceramic Capacitors 128
3.14.3 Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors 128
3.14.4 Solid Tantalum Capacitors 129
3.14.5 Supercapacitors 129
Summary 129
References 129
Review Questions 130
Problems 130
PART II Power Transistors and DC–DC Converters 134
Chapter 4 Power Transistors 134
4.1 Introduction 135
4.2 Silicon Carbide Transistors 136
4.3 Power MOSFETs 137
4.3.1 Steady-State Characteristics 140
4.3.2 Switching Characteristics 143
4.3.3 Silicon Carbide MOSFETs 145
4.4 COOLMOS 147
4.5 Junction Field-Effect Transistors (JFETs) 149
4.5.1 Operation and Characteristics of JFETs 149
4.5.2 Silicon Carbide JFET Structures 153
4.6 Bipolar Junction Transistors 156
4.6.1 Steady-State Characteristics 157
4.6.2 Switching Characteristics 161
4.6.3 Switching Limits 168
4.6.4 Silicon Carbide BJTs 169
4.7 IGBTs 170
4.7.1 Silicon Carbide IGBTs 173
4.8 SITs 174
4.9 Comparisons of Transistors 175
4.10 Power Derating of Power Transistors 175
4.11 di/dt and dv/dt Limitations 179
4.12 Series and Parallel Operation 182
4.13 SPICE Models 184
4.13.1 BJT SPICE Model 184
4.13.2 MOSFET SPICE Model 186
4.13.3 IGBT SPICE Model 187
4.14 MOSFET Gate Drive 189
4.15 JFET Gate Drives 191
4.16 BJT Base Drive 192
4.17 Isolation of Gate and Base Drives 197
4.17.1 Pulse Transformers 199
4.17.2 Optocouplers 199
4.18 GATE-DRIVE ICs 200
Summary 202
References 203
Review Questions 206
Problems 208
Chapter 5 DC–DC Converters 210
5.1 Introduction 211
5.2 Performance Parameters of DC–DC Converters 211
5.3 Principle of Step-Down Operation 212
5.3.1 Generation of Duty Cycle 216
5.4 Step-Down Converter with RL Load 217
5.5 Principle of Step-Up Operation 222
5.6 Step-Up Converter With a Resistive Load 225
5.7 Frequency Limiting Parameters 227
5.8 Converter Classification 228
5.9 Switching-Mode Regulators 232
5.9.1 Buck Regulators 233
5.9.2 Boost Regulators 237
5.9.3 Buck–Boost Regulators 241
5.9.4 Cúk Regulators 245
5.9.5 Limitations of Single-Stage Conversion 251
5.10 Comparison of Regulators 252
5.11 Multioutput Boost Converter 253
5.12 Diode Rectifier-Fed Boost Converter 256
5.13 Averaging Models of Converters 258
5.14 State–Space Analysis of Regulators 264
5.15 Design Considerations For Input Filter And Converters 268
5.16 Drive IC for Converters 273
Summary 275
References 277
Review Questions 279
Problems 279
PART III Inverters 282
Chapter 6 DC–AC Converters 282
6.1 Introduction 283
6.2 Performance Parameters 283
6.3 Principle of Operation 285
6.4 Single-Phase Bridge Inverters 289
6.5 Three-Phase Inverters 295
6.5.1 180-Degree Conduction 296
6.5.2 120-Degree Conduction 303
6.6 Voltage Control of Single-Phase Inverters 306
6.6.1 Multiple-Pulse-Width Modulation 306
6.6.2 Sinusoidal Pulse-Width Modulation 309
6.6.3 Modified Sinusoidal Pulse-Width Modulation 312
6.6.4 Phase-Displacement Control 315
6.7 Voltage Control of Three-Phase Inverters 316
6.7.1 Sinusoidal PWM 317
6.7.2 60-Degree PWM 320
6.7.3 Third-Harmonic PWM 320
6.7.4 Space Vector Modulation 323
6.7.5 Comparison of PWM Techniques 335
6.8 Harmonic Reductions 335
6.9 Current-Source Inverters 340
6.10 Variable DC-Link Inverter 342
6.11 Boost Inverter 344
6.12 Inverter Circuit Design 349
Summary 354
References 354
Review Questions 356
Problems 356
Chapter 7 Resonant Pulse Inverters 361
7.1 Introduction 362
7.2 Series Resonant Inverters 362
7.2.1 Series Resonant Inverters with Unidirectional Switches 363
7.2.2 Series Resonant Inverters with Bidirectional Switches 372
7.3 Frequency Response of Series Resonant Inverters 378
7.3.1 Frequency Response for Series Loaded 378
7.3.2 Frequency Response for Parallel Loaded 381
7.3.3 Frequency Response for Series–Parallel Loaded 383
7.4 Parallel Resonant Inverters 384
7.5 Voltage Control of Resonant Inverters 388
7.6 Class E Resonant Inverter 390
7.7 Class E Resonant Rectifier 394
7.8 Zero-Current-Switching Resonant Converters 398
7.8.1 L-Type ZCS Resonant Converter 399
7.8.2 M-Type ZCS Resonant Converter 402
7.9 Zero-Voltage-Switching Resonant Converters 402
7.10 Comparisons Between ZCS and ZVS Resonant Converters 406
7.11 Two-Quadrant ZVS Resonant Converters 407
7.12 Resonant DC-Link Inverters 409
Summary 413
References 414
Review Questions 414
Problems 415
Chapter 8 Multilevel Inverters 417
8.1 Introduction 417
8.2 Multilevel Concept 418
8.3 Types of Multilevel Inverters 420
8.4 Diode-Clamped Multilevel Inverter 420
8.4.1 Principle of Operation 421
8.4.2 Features of Diode-Clamped Inverter 422
8.4.3 Improved Diode-Clamped Inverter 424
8.5 Flying-Capacitors Multilevel Inverter 426
8.5.1 Principle of Operation 426
8.5.2 Features of Flying-Capacitors Inverter 428
8.6 Cascaded Multilevel Inverter 429
8.6.1 Principle of Operation 429
8.6.2 Features of Cascaded Inverter 431
8.7 Applications 433
8.7.1 Reactive Power Compensation 433
8.7.2 Back-to-Back lntertie 435
8.7.3 Adjustable Speed Drives 435
8.8 Switching Device Currents 436
8.9 DC-Link Capacitor Voltage Balancing 437
8.10 Features of Multilevel Inverters 438
8.11 Comparisons of Multilevel Converters 439
Summary 440
References 440
Review Questions 441
Problems 441
PART IV Thyristors and Thyristorized Converters 443
Chapter 9 Thyristors 443
9.1 Introduction 443
9.2 Thyristor Characteristics 444
9.3 Two-Transistor Model of Thyristor 447
9.4 Thyristor Turn-On 449
9.5 Thyristor Turn-Off 451
9.6 Thyristor Types 453
9.6.1 Phase-Controlled Thyristors 453
9.6.2 Bidirectional Phase-Controlled Thyristors 454
9.6.3 Fast-Switching Asymmetrical Thyristors 455
9.6.4 Light-Activated Silicon-Controlled Rectifiers 456
9.6.5 Bidirectional Triode Thyristors 456
9.6.6 Reverse-Conducting Thyristors 457
9.6.7 Gate Turn-off Thyristors 457
9.6.8 FET-Controlled Thyristors 462
9.6.9 MTOs 463
9.6.10 ETOs 464
9.6.11 IGCTs 465
9.6.12 MCTs 466
9.6.13 SITHs 469
9.6.14 Comparisons of Thyristors 470
9.7 Series Operation of Thyristors 475
9.8 Parallel Operation of Thyristors 478
9.9 di/dt Protection 479
9.10 dv/dt Protection 480
9.11 SPICE Thyristor Model 482
9.11.1 Thyristor SPICE Model 482
9.11.2 GTO SPICE Model 484
9.11.3 MCT SPICE Model 486
9.11.4 SITH SPICE Model 486
9.12 DIACs 486
9.13 Thyristor Firing Circuits 489
9.14 Unijunction Transistor 492
9.15 Programmable Unijunction Transistor 494
Summary 496
References 497
Review Questions 500
Problems 501
Chapter 10 Controlled Rectifiers 503
10.1 Introduction 504
10.2 Single-Phase Full Converters 504
10.2.1 Single-Phase Full Converter with RL Load 508
10.3 Single-Phase Dual Converters 511
10.4 Three-Phase Full Converters 514
10.4.1 Three-Phase Full Converter with RL Load 518
10.5 Three-Phase Dual Converters 520
10.6 Pulse-Width-Modulation Control 523
10.6.1 PWM Control 524
10.6.2 Single-Phase Sinusoidal PWM 526
10.6.3 Three-Phase PWM Rectifier 527
10.7 Single-Phase Series Converters 531
10.8 Twelve-Pulse Converters 534
10.9 Design of Converter Circuits 536
10.10 Effects of Load and Source Inductances 542
Summary 544
References 544
Review Questions 546
Problems 546
Chapter 11 AC Voltage Controllers 552
11.1 Introduction 553
11.2 Performance Parameters of AC Voltage Controllers 554
11.3 Single-Phase Full-Wave Controllers with Resistive Loads 555
11.4 Single-Phase Full-Wave Controllers with Inductive Loads 559
11.5 Three-Phase Full-Wave Controllers 563
11.6 Three-Phase Full-Wave Delta-Connected Controllers 568
11.7 Single-Phase Transformer Connection Changers 572
11.8 Cycloconverters 577
11.8.1 Single-Phase Cycloconverters 577
11.8.2 Three-Phase Cycloconverters 580
11.8.3 Reduction of Output Harmonics 581
11.9 AC Voltage Controllers with PWM Control 584
11.10 Matrix Converter 586
11.11 Design of AC Voltage-Controller Circuits 588
11.12 Effects of Source and Load Inductances 596
Summary 597
References 597
Review Questions 598
Problems 598
PART V Power Electronics Applications and Protection 602
Chapter 12 Flexible AC Transmission Systems 602
12.1 Introduction 603
12.2 Principle of Power Transmission 604
12.3 Principle of Shunt Compensation 606
12.4 Shunt Compensators 608
12.4.1 Thyristor-controlled Reactor 608
12.4.2 Thyristor-Switched Capacitor 609
12.4.3 Static VAR Compensator 612
12.4.4 Advanced Static VAR Compensator 613
12.5 Principle of Series Compensation 615
12.6 Series Compensators 617
12.6.1 Thyristor-Switched Series Capacitor 617
12.6.2 Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor 619
12.6.3 Forced-Commutation-Controlled Series Capacitor 620
12.6.4 Series Static VAR Compensator 621
12.6.5 Advanced SSVC 621
12.7 Principle of Phase-Angle Compensation 624
12.8 Phase-Angle Compensator 627
12.9 Unified Power Flow Controller 628
12.10 Comparisons of Compensators 629
Summary 631
References 631
Review Questions 632
Problems 632
Chapter 13 Power Supplies 634
13.1 Introduction 635
13.2 DC Power Supplies 635
13.2.1 Switched-Mode DC Power Supplies 636
13.2.2 Flyback Converter 636
13.2.3 Forward Converter 640
13.2.4 Push–Pull Converter 645
13.2.5 Half-Bridge Converter 647
13.2.6 Full-Bridge Converter 650
13.2.7 Resonant DC Power Supplies 653
13.2.8 Bidirectional Power Supplies 655
13.3 AC Power Supplies 655
13.3.1 Switched-Mode AC Power Supplies 657
13.3.2 Resonant AC Power Supplies 657
13.3.3 Bidirectional AC Power Supplies 658
13.4 Multistage Conversions 659
13.5 Control Circuits 660
13.6 Magnetic Design Considerations 664
13.6.1 Transformer Design 664
13.6.2 DC Inductor 668
13.6.3 Magnetic Saturation 669
Summary 670
References 670
Review Questions 671
Problems 671
Chapter 14 DC Drives 675
14.1 Introduction 676
14.2 Basic Characteristics of Dc Motors 677
14.2.1 Separately Excited DC Motor 677
14.2.2 Series-Excited DC Motor 680
14.2.3 Gear Ratio 682
14.3 Operating Modes 684
14.4 Single-Phase Drives 686
14.4.1 Single-Phase Semiconverter Drives 688
14.4.2 Single-Phase Full-Converter Drives 689
14.4.3 Single-Phase Dual-Converter Drives 690
14.5 Three-Phase Drives 694
14.5.1 Three-Phase Semiconverter Drives 694
14.5.2 Three-Phase Full-Converter Drives 694
14.5.3 Three-Phase Dual-Converter Drives 695
14.6 Dc–Dc Converter Drives 698
14.6.1 Principle of Power Control 698
14.6.2 Principle of Regenerative Brake Control 700
14.6.3 Principle of Rheostatic Brake Control 703
14.6.4 Principle of Combined Regenerative and Rheostatic Brake Control 704
14.6.5 Two- and Four-Quadrant DC–DC Converter Drives 705
14.6.6 Multiphase DC–DC Converters 706
14.7 Closed-Loop Control of dc Drives 709
14.7.1 Open-Loop Transfer Function 709
14.7.2 Open-Loop Transfer Function of Separately Excited Motors 710
14.7.3 Open-Loop Transfer Function of Series Excited Motors 713
14.7.4 Converter Control Models 715
14.7.5 Closed-Loop Transfer Function 717
14.7.6 Closed-Loop Current Control 720
14.7.7 Design of Current Controller 723
14.7.8 Design of Speed Controller 723
14.7.9 DC–DC Converter-Fed Drive 729
14.7.10 Phase-Locked-Loop Control 730
14.7.11 Microcomputer Control of DC Drives 732
Summary 734
References 734
Review Questions 735
Problems 736
Chapter 15 AC Drives 740
15.1 Introduction 741
15.2 Induction Motor Drives 741
15.2.1 Performance Characteristics 743
15.2.2 Torque–Speed Characteristics 745
15.2.3 Stator Voltage Control 750
15.2.4 Rotor Voltage Control 754
15.2.5 Frequency Control 763
15.2.6 Voltage and Frequency Control 765
15.2.7 Current Control 770
15.2.8 Constant Slip-Speed Control 775
15.2.9 Voltage, Current, and Frequency Control 776
15.3 Closed-Loop Control of Induction Motors 778
15.4 Dimensioning the Control Variables 782
15.5 Vector Controls 784
15.5.1 Basic Principle of Vector Control 784
15.5.2 Direct and Quadrature-Axis Transformation 786
15.5.3 Indirect Vector Control 791
15.5.4 Direct Vector Control 795
15.6 Synchronous Motor Drives 797
15.6.1 Cylindrical Rotor Motors 798
15.6.2 Salient-Pole Motors 801
15.6.3 Reluctance Motors 802
15.6.4 Switched Reluctance Motors 803
15.6.5 Permanent-Magnet Motors 805
15.6.6 Closed-Loop Control of Synchronous Motors 808
15.6.7 Brushless DC and AC Motor Drives 810
15.7 Design of Speed Controller For Pmsm Drives 812
15.7.1 System Block Diagram 812
15.7.2 Current Loop 814
15.7.3 Speed Controller 815
15.8 Stepper Motor Control 818
15.8.1 Variable-Reluctance Stepper Motors 818
15.8.2 Permanent-Magnet Stepper Motors 821
15.9 Linear Induction Motors 825
15.10 High-Voltage IC for Motor Drives 828
Summary 833
References 834
Review Questions 835
Problems 836
Chapter 16 Introduction to Renewable Energy 840
16.1 Introduction 841
16.2 Energy and Power 842
16.3 Renewable Energy Generation System 843
16.3.1 Turbine 844
16.3.2 Thermal Cycle 845
16.4 Solar Energy Systems 847
16.4.1 Solar Energy 847
16.4.2 Photovoltaic 850
16.4.3 Photovoltaic Cells 850
16.4.4 PV Models 851
16.4.5 Photovoltaic Systems 857
16.5 Wind Energy 860
16.5.1 Wind Turbines 860
16.5.2 Turbine Power 861
16.5.3 Speed and Pitch Control 864
16.5.4 Power Curve 865
16.5.5 Wind Energy Systems 866
16.5.6 Doubly Fed Induction Generators 869
16.5.7 Squirrel-Cage Induction Generators 870
16.5.8 Synchronous Generators 871
16.5.9 Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Generators 872
16.5.10 Switched Reluctance Generator 873
16.5.11 Comparisons of the Wind Turbine Power Configurations 873
16.6 Ocean Energy 874
16.6.1 Wave Energy 874
16.6.2 Mechanism of Wave Generation 875
16.6.3 Wave Power 876
16.6.4 Tidal Energy 879
16.6.5 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion 881
16.7 Hydropower Energy 882
16.7.1 Large-Scale Hydropower 882
16.7.2 Small-Scale Hydropower 883
16.8 Fuel Cells 886
16.8.1 Hydrogen Generation and Fuel Cells 887
16.8.2 Types of Fuel Cells 888
16.8.3 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) 889
16.8.4 Direct-Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFC) 890
16.8.5 Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFC) 892
16.8.6 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PCFC) 893
16.8.7 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC) 894
16.8.8 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) 895
16.8.9 Thermal and Electrical Processes of Fuel Cells 896
16.9 Geothermal Energy 900
16.10 Biomass Energy 900
Summary 901
References 901
Review Questions 902
Problems 903
Chapter 17 Protection of Devices and Circuits 907
17.1 Introduction 907
17.2 Cooling and Heat Sinks 908
17.3 Thermal Modeling of Power Switching Devices 913
17.3.1 Electrical Equivalent Thermal Model 914
17.3.2 Mathematical Thermal Equivalent Circuit 916
17.3.3 Coupling of Electrical and Thermal Components 917
17.4 Snubber Circuits 919
17.5 Reverse Recovery Transients 920
17.6 Supply- and Load-Side Transients 926
17.7 Voltage Protection by Selenium Diodes and Metaloxide Varistors 929
17.8 Current Protections 931
17.8.1 Fusing 931
17.8.2 Fault Current with AC Source 934
17.8.3 Fault Current with DC Source 936
17.9 Electromagnetic Interference 939
17.9.1 Sources of EMI 940
17.9.2 Minimizing EMI Generation 940
17.9.3 EMI Shielding 941
17.9.4 EMI Standards 941
Summary 942
References 943
Review Questions 943
Problems 944
Appendix A Three-Phase Circuits 947
Appendix B Magnetic Circuits 951
Appendix C Switching Functions of Converters 959
Appendix D DC Transient Analysis 965
Appendix E Fourier Analysis 969
Appendix F Reference Frame Transformation 972
Bibliography 976
Answers to Selected Problems
Index