All chapters end with a summary, key terms and theories, discussion questions, and answers to Can You Guess?Preface
Part I. Establishing a Context for Health Communication
1. Introduction
The Philosophy Behind This Book
What Is Health?
What is Health Communication?
--Defining Communication
--Process
--Personal Goals
--Interdependence
--Sensitivity
--Shared Meaning
--Defining Health Communication
--History of Health Communication
Medical Models
--Biomedical Model
--Biopsychosocial Model
Importance of Health Communication
--Six Important Issues
Current Issues in Health Communication
--Emphasis on Efficiency
--Prevention
--Patient Empowerment
--Global Health Needs and Intercultural Competence
--Changing Populations
--Technology
Box 1.1 Career Opportunities: Profiles of More Than 125 Health-Related Jobs
Box 1.2 Learn While You Make a Difference
Box 1.3 Perspectives: True Stories About Health Communication Experiences
Box 1.4 Theoretical Foundations: The Basis for Health Communication
Box 1.5 Resources: Health Communication Organizations and Resources
Box 1.6 Perspectives: A Memorable Hospital Experience
Box 1.7 Ethical Considerations: An Essential Component of Heath Communication
Box 1.8 Perspectives: Down, But Not Out
Chapter 2. History and Current Issues
Medicine in Ancient Times
--Imhotep
--Hippocrates
Medieval Religion and Health Care
--Medical Spiritualism
--Barber Surgeons
--Science and Magic
--End of an Era
Renaissance Philosophy and Health Care
--Principle of Verification
--Cartesian Dualism
Health Care in the New World
--Health Conditions
--Hippocrates' Influence
--Women's Role
The Rise of Orthodox Medicine
--Population Shifts
--Germ Theory
--Research and Technology
--Campaign of Orthodox Medicine
--Flexner Report
--Decline of Sectarian Medicine
Twentieth-Century Health Care
--Specialization
--Medicine and Free Enterprise
Putting the Brakes on Health Care Costs
--Health and Wealth
--Problems
--Reform Efforts
--Managed Care
--Conventional Insurance
--Health Maintenance Organization (HMO)
--Preferred Provider Organization (PPO)
--Point of Service (POS)
--High-Deductible Health Plan (HDHP)
--Organizations' Perspective
--Advantages of Managed Care
--Disadvantages of Managed Care
--Managed Care Around the World
Box 2.1 The Hippocratic Oath
Box 2.2 Perspectives: Sick in the Head?
Box 2.3 Managed Care at a Glance
Box 2.4 Ethical Considerations: Classroom Debate on Managed Care
Box 2.5 Resources: Before You Select a Managed Care Plan
Part Two. The Roles of Patients and Caregivers
Chapter 3. Patient-Caregiver Communication
Medical Talk and Power Differentials
--Knowledge and Power
--Assertive and Nonassertive Behavior
--Questions and Directives
--Blocking
--Patronizing Behavior
--Why Do We Do It
--Shifting Paradigm
Collaborative Communication
--Theoretical Foundations
--The Emerging Model
Communication Skill Builders
--Motivational Interviewing
--Cultivating Dialogue
--Nonverbal Encouragement
--Verbal Encouragement
--Narrative Medicine
--Tips for Patients
Healing Environments
--Soothing Surroundings
--Easy Communication with Loved Ones
Box 3.1 Resources: Journals That Feature Health Communication Research
Box 3.2 Ethical Considerations: Therapeutic Privilege
Box 3.3 Doorknob Disclosures
Box 3.4 Stepping Over the Line
Box 3.5 Ouch!
Box 3.6 Perspectives: A Mother's Experience at the Dentist
Box 3.7 Theoretical Foundations: Integrative Health Theory
Box 3.8 Career Opportunities: Health Communication Research
Chapter 4. Patient Perspectives
Patient Socialization
Voice of Lifeworld
--Feelings Versus Evidence
--Specific Versus Diffuse
Patient Characteristics
--Nature of the Illness
--Patient Disposition
--Communication Skills
Satisfaction
--Attentiveness and Respect
--Convenience
--A Sense of Control
--Genuine Warmth and Honesty
Cooperation and Consent
--Reasons for Noncooperation
--Caregivers' Investment
--Informed Consent
Illness and Personal Identity
--Reactions to Illness
Box 4.1 Perspectives: The Agony of Uncertainty
Box 4.2 Career Opportunities: Patient Advocacy
Box 4.3 Is Satisfaction Overrated?
Box 4.4 Cash for Cooperation?
Box 4.5 Ethical Considerations: Patients' Right to Informed Consent
Chapter 5. Caregiver Perspective
Gaining Entrance
--Science-Based Curriculum
--Communication Training
--Socialization
--Hidden Curriculum
--Isolation
--Identity in Limbo
--Privileges
--Withdrawal and Resentment
--Implications
Systems-Level Influences on Caregivers
--Theoretical Foundations
--Time Constraints
--Autonomy
Psychological Influences on Caregivers
--Maturity
--Confidence
--Satisfaction
Stress and Burnout
--Causes of Stress
--Conflict
--Emotions
--Communication Deficits
--Workload
--Other Factors
--Effects of Stress
--Healthy Strategies
Medical Mistakes
--Why Mistakes Happen
--What Happens After a Mistake?
--Communication Skill Builder: Managing Medical Mistakes
--From the Beginning
--If an Error Does Occur
Interdisciplinary Teamwork
--Advantages
--Difficulties and Drawbacks
--Communication Skill Builders: Working in Teams
Box 5.1. Medical School Reform
Box 5.2. Sleep Deprivation: Necessary or Not?
Box 5.3. Ethical Considerations: Privacy Regulations Incite Controversy
Box 5.4. Perspectives: Blowing the Whistle on an Impaired Physician
Box 5.5. Communication Skill Builder: Dealing with Difficult Patients
Part III. Social and Cultural Issues
Chapter 6. Diversity in Health Care
Theoretical Foundations
Status Differences
Health Literacy
--Communication Skill Builders: Surmounting Status and Literacy Barriers
Gender Differences
--Women in Medicine
--Sex Differences and Communication
Sexual Orientation
Race
--Different Care and Outcomes
--Explanations
--Distrust
--High Risk, Low Knowledge
--Access
--Patient-Caregiver Communication
--Racial Diversity Among Health Professionals
---Historic Patterns of Acceptance
---Communication Effects
Language Differences
Disabilities
--Communication Skill Builders: Interacting with Persons Who Have Disabilities
Age
--Children
--Communication Skill Builders: Talking with Children About Illness
--Older Adults
--Theoretical Foundations: Effects of Ageism
--Implications of Ageism and Overaccommodation
--Communication Patterns
--Promising Options
--Communication Technology and Older Adults
Communication Skill Builders: Reaching Marginalized Populations
Box 6.1 Ethical Considerations: Who Gets What Care?
Box 6.2 Genetic Profiling: A View Into Your Health Future
Box 6.3. Ethical Considerations: Affirmative Action Justified or Not?
Box 6.4 Perspectives: Language Barriers in a Health Care Emergency
Box 6.5 Career Opportunities: Diversity Awareness
Box 6.6 Perspectives: My Disability Doesn't Show
Chapter 7. Cultural Conceptions of Health and Illness
Eastern and Western Perspectives
--West
--East
A Profile of Cultures
--Asian and Pacific Island
--Hispanic
--Arab
The Nature of Health and Illness
--Health as Organic
--Health as Harmony
Social Implications of Disease
--Disease as a Curse
--Stigma of Disease
--The Morality of Prevention
--Victimization
Patient and Caregiver Roles
--Mechanics and Machines
--Parents and Children
--Spiritualists and Believers
--Providers and Consumers
--Partners
--Implications
Communication Skill Builders: Developing Cultural Competence
Holistic Care
--Definitions
--Popularity
--Advantages
--Drawbacks
Viagra: A Case Study in Health-Culture Overlap
--Implication 1: To Be a Man You Have to Get It Up
--Implication 2: To a Physical Ailment Let There Be a Physical Remedy
--Implication 3: Women Are Passive but Grateful Recipients of Male Attention
--Implication 4: Real Men are White and Straight
--Implication 5: Intimacy Equals Vaginal Penetration
Box 7.1 Resources: More About Culture and Health
Box 7.2 Theoretical Foundations: Theory of Health as Expanded Consciousness
Box 7.3 Perspectives: Thai Customs and a Son's Duty
Box 7.4 Ethical Considerations: Physician as Parent or Partner?
Box 7.5. Holistic Medicine at a Glance
Box 7.6. Career Opportunities: Holistic Medicine
Part IV: Coping and Health Resources
Chapter 8. Social Support, Family Caregiving, and End of Life
Conceptual Overview
--Theoretical Perspectives
--Coping
--Sense of Control
--Dialetics
--Crisis
--Normalcy
Coping and Communication
--Action-Facilitating Support
--Nurturing Support
--Communication Skill Builders: Supportive Listening
--Communication Skill Builders: Allowing Emotional Expression
--Social Networks
When Support Goes Wrong
--Friends Disappear
--Hurtful Jests
--Too Much Support
--A Note of Encouragement
Animals As Companions
Transformative Experiences
Friends and Family as Caregivers
--Profile of the Family Caregiver
--The Economics of Family Caregiving
--Stress and Burnout
--Caring for Caregivers
End-of-Life Experiences
--Life at All Costs
--Death with Dignity
Slow Medicine
Advance-Care Directives
Communication Skill Builders: Delivering Bad News
Communication Skill Builders: Coping with Death
Box 8.1 When Communication Ability is Compromised
Box 8.2 Theory of Problematic Integration
Box 8.3 Organ Donations: The Nicholas Effect
Box 8.4 Perspectives: A Long Goodbye to Grandmother
Box 8.5 Ethical Considerations: Do People Have a Right to Die?
Box 8.6 Career Opportunities: Social Services and Mental Health
Chapter 9. eHealth, mHealth, and Telemedicine
eHealth
--Theoretical Foundations
--The Three Spheres
--Weak and Strong Ties
Why And When Do We Seek Electronic Health Information?
Is Online Health Information Useful?
--Communication Skill Builders: Using the Internet
How Does Ehealth Communication Compare?
mHealth
Telemedicine
--A Doctor's Visit, Telemedicine Style
--Telemedicine in the Future
--Telemedicine as Medical Outsourcing
--Advantages for Consumers
--Advantages for Caregivers
--Disadvantages
Box 9.1: Profile of an ePatient
Box 9.2 - Career Opportunities: Health Information Technology
Part V: Communication in Health Organizations
Chapter 10. Health Care Administration, Human Resources, Marketing, And PR
Health Care Administration
--Changing Market
--Consumerism
--Consolidation
--Efficiency And Six Sigma
--Communication Skill Builders: Shared Vision And Dispersed Leadership
Human Resources
--Theoretical Foundations
--Communication Skill Builders: Building Great Teams
--Hire Carefully
--Teach the Culture and Values
--Continually Recruit Internal Talent
Marketing And Public Relations
--Foundations For Theory And Practice
--Focus on Relationships
--Integrate
--Develop Reputation, Not Only Image
--Communication Skill Builders: Two-Way Communication and Social Media
Crisis Management
Service Excellence Is Everyone's Job
Box 10.1 Resources: Six Sigma and Other Efficiency Process Models
Box 10.2 "We Hate the Rules"
Box 10.3 Career Opportunities:
Box 10.4 Staffing Shortages in Health Care
Box 10.5 A Model for Innovative Leadership
Box 10.6 Ethical Considerations: Should Health Organizations Advertise?
Box 10.7 Resources: Journals in the Field
Part VI: Media, Public Policy, and Health Promotion
Chapter 11. Health Images in the Media
Theoretical Foundations
Advertising
--Direct-to-Consumer (DTC) Advertising
--Advantages of DCT Advertising
--Disadvantages of DCT Advertising
--Communication Skill Builders: Evaluating Medical Claims
--Nutrition
--Obesity
--Effects on Children
--Activity Levels
--Alcohol
--Body Images
--Health Effects
--Eternal Hope
News Coverage
--Accuracy and Fairness
--Sensationalism
--Advantages of Health News
--Communication Skill Builders: Presenting Health News
Entertainment
--Portrayals of Health-Related Behaviors
--Mental Illness and Dementia
--Disabilities
--Sex
--Violence
--Portrays of Health Care Situations
--Entertainment and Commercialism
--Entertainomercials
--Product Placement
--Entertainment-Education and Programming
--Impact of Persuasive Entertainment
Media Literacy
--Teaching Media Literacy
Box 11.1 Career Opportunities: Health Journalism
Box 11.2 Ethical Considerations: Is the Entertainment Industry Responsible for Health Images?
Chapter 12. Public Health Crises and Health Care Reform
Mad Cow Disease
What Is Public Health?
Risk and Crisis Communication
--Managing Perceptions
--How Scared Is Scared Enough?
--In the Heat of the Moment
Case Studies: A Global Perspective
--AIDS
--SARS
--Anthrax
--Avian Flu
--Wrapping It Up
Health Care Reform
--Spending
--Waste
--Inequities and Oversights
--Less Costs More
--Out of Pocket, Out of Luck
--Hope
--The American Model
--Multi-Payer Vs. Single-Payer
--Universal Coverage Models
--Massachusetts and Vermont
--National Health Care Reform
--Public Discourse About the Legislation
--Advantages
--Challenges and Disadvantages
Box 12.1 Career Opportunities: Public Health
Box 12.2 Theoretical Perspectives: Risk Management/Communication Framework
Box 12.3 Typhoid Mary and TB Andy
Chapter 13. Planning Health Promotion Campaigns
Background on Health Campaigns
--Motivating Factors
--Exemplary Campaigns
--Go to the Audience
--Take Action
--Measure Your Success
--Encourage Social Support
Step 1: Defining the Situation and Potential Benefits
--Benefits
--Current Situation
--Diverse Motivations
Step 2: Analyzing and Segmenting the Audience
--Data Collection
--Ethical Commitments
--Data-Gathering Options
--Choosing a Target Audience
--Theoretical Foundations
--Choosing a Target Audience
--Reaching Under-Informed Audiences
--Segmenting the Audience
--Audience as a Person
--Young Audiences
--Sensation-Seekers
Step 3: Establishing Campaign Goals and Objectives
Step 4: Selecting Channels of Communication
--Channel Characteristics
--Communication Technology: Using Computers to Narrowcast Messages
--Multichannel Campaigns
Box 13.1 Career Opportunities: Health Promotion and Education
Box 13.2 Ethical Considerations: The Politics of Prevention
Chapter 14. Designing and Implementing Health Campaigns
Theories of Behaviors Change
--Health Belief Model
--Social Cognitive Theory
--Embedded Behaviors Model
--Theory of Reasoned Action
--Transtheoretical Model
--Wrapping It Up
Critical-Cultural Perspective
Step 5: Designing Campaign Messages
--Choosing a Voice
--Designing the Message
--Theoretical Foundations: Message Framing
--Community Expectations
--Logical and Emotional Appeals
Step 6: Piloting and Implementing the Campaign
Step 7: Evaluating and Maintaining the Campaign
--Evaluation
--Maintenance
Box 14.1. Theoretical Foundations: Synopsis of Campaign-Related Theories
Box 14.2. Ethical Considerations: Three Issues for Health Promoters to Keep in Mind
Box 14.3. Career Opportunities: Health Campaign Design and Management
Box 14.4. Theoretical Foundations: What Does Science Say About Peer Pressure?
References
Credits
Author Index
Subject Index