and#8220;Accessible, readable and jargon-free. . . . The Craft of Research pays close attention to readersand#8217; needs and anxieties.and#8221;and#8212;Teaching in Higher Education
and#8220;I recommend it to my students . . . and keep a copy close at hand as the first option offered to students who ask, and#8216;Just how should I begin my research?and#8217;and#8221;and#8212;Business Library Review
Preface: The Aims of This Edition
Our Debts
I RESEARCH, RESEARCHERS, AND READERS
PROLOGUE:and#160;BECOMING A RESEARCHER
1 Thinking in Print: The Uses of Research, Public and Private
1.1 What Is Research?
1.2 Why Write It Up?
1.3 Why a Formal Report?
1.4and#160;Writing Is Thinking
and#160;
2 Connecting with Your Reader: (Re)Creating Yourself and
Yourand#160;Readers
2.1 Creating Roles for Yourself and Your Readers
2.2 UnderstandingYour Role
2.3and#160;Imagining Yourand#160;Readerandrsquo;s Role
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Quick Tip: A Checklist for Understanding Your Readers
II ASKING QUESTIONS, FINDING ANSWERS
PROLOGUE: PLANNING YOUR PROJECTandndash; AN OVERVIEW
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Quick Tip: Creating a Writing Group
3 From Topics to Questions
3.1 From an Interest to a Topic
3.2 From a Broad Topic to a Focused One
3.3 From a Focused Topic to Questions
3.4 From a Question to Its Significance
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Quick Tip: Finding Topics
4 From Questions to a Problem
4.1 Distinguishing Practical and Research Problems
4.2 Understanding the Common Structure of Problems
4.3 Finding a Good Research Problem
4.4and#160;Learning to Work withand#160;Problems
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Quick Tip: Disagreeing with Your Sources
5 From Problems to Sources
5.1 Knowing How to Use Three Kinds of Sources
5.2 Locating Sources through a Libraryand#160;
5.3and#160;Locating Sources on the Internet
5.4and#160;Evaluting Sources for Relevance and Reliability
5.5 Following Bibliographic Trails
5.6 Looking beyond Predictable Sources
5.7 Using People as Primary Sources
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Quick Tip: The Ethics of Using People as Sources of Data
6 Engaging Sources
6.1 Knowing What Kind of Evidence to Look For
6.2 Read Complete Bibliographical Data
6.3 Engaging Sources Actively
6.4 Using Secondary Sources to Find a Problem
6.5 Using Secondary Sources to Plan Your Argument
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Quick Tip: Manage Moments of Normal Anxiety
III MAKING A CLAIM AND SUPPORTING IT
PROLOGUE: ASSEMBLING A REASEARCH ARGUMENT
7 Making Good Arguments: An Overview
7.1 Argumentand#160;as aand#160;Conversation with Readersand#160;
7.2 Supporting Your Claim
7.3 Acknowledging and Responding toand#160;Anticipated Questions and Objectionsand#160;
7.4 Warranting the Relevance of Your Reasons
7.5 Building a Complex Argument Out of Simple Ones
7.6 Creating an Ethos by Thickening Your Argumentand#160;
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Quick Tip: A Common Mistake andndash; Falling Back on What You Knowand#160;
8 Claims
8.1and#160;Determining the Kind ofand#160;Claim You Should Makeand#160;
8.2 Evaluating Your Claim
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Quick Tip: Qualifying Claims to Enhance Your Credibility
9 Reasons and Evidence
9.1 Using Reasons to Plan Your Argument
9.2 Distinguishing Evidence from Reasons
9.3 Distinguishing Evidence from Reports of It
9.4 Evaluating Evidence
10 Acknowledgments and Responses
10.1 Questioning Your Argument as Your Readers Will
10.2and#160;Imaginingand#160;Alternatives to Your Argument
10.3 Deciding What to Acknowledge
10.4 Framing Your Responses as Subordinate Arguments
10.5 The Vocabulary of Acknowledgment and Response
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Quick Tip: Three Predicatble Disagreements
11 Warrants
11.1 Warrantsand#160;in Everyday Reasoningand#160;
11.2and#160;Warrants in Academic Arguments
11.3 Understanding the Logic of Warrants
11.4 Testingand#160;Whether aand#160;Warrant Is Reliable
11.5 Knowing When to State a Warrant
11.6 Challenging Others' Warrants
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Quick Tip: Two Kinds of Arguments
IV PLANNING, DRAFTING, AND REVISING
PROLOGUE: PLANNING AGAIN
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Quick Tip: Outlining and Storyboarding
12 Planning
12.1 Avoid Three Common but Flawed Plans
12.2 Planning Your Report
13 Drafting Your Report
13.1 Draft in a Way That Feels Comfortable
13.2 Use Key Words to Keep Yourself on Track
13.3 Quote, Paraphrase, and Summarize Appropriately
13.4 Integrating Direct Quotations into Your Text
13.5 Show Readers How Evidence Is Relevant
13.6 Guard against Inadvertent Plaigarism
13.7 The Social Importance of Citing Sources
13.8 Four Common Citation Styles
13.9 Work through Procrastination and Writer's Block
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;Quick Tip: Indicating Citations in Your Text
14 Revising Your Organization and Argument
14.1 Thinking Like a Reader
14.2 Revising the Frame of Your Report
14.3 Revising Your Argument
14.4 Revising the Organization of Your Report
14.5 Check Your Paragraphs
14.6 Let Your Draft Cool, Then Paraphrase It
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Quick Tip: Abstracts
15 Communicating Evidence Visually
15.1 Choosing Visual or Verbal Representations
15.2 Choosing the Most Effective Graphic
15.3 Designing Tables, Charts, and Graphs
15.4 Specific Guidlines for Tables, Bar Charts, and Line Graphs
15.5 Communicating Data Ethically
16 Introductions and Conclusions
16.1 The Common Structure of Introductions
16.2 Step 1: Establish Common Ground
16.3 Step 2: State Your Problem
16.4 Step 3: State Your Response
16.5 Setting the Right Place for Your Introduction
16.6 Writing Your Conclusion
16.7 Finding Your First Few Words
16.8 Finding Your Last Few Words
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Quick Tip: Titles
17 Revising Style: Telling Your Story Clearly
17.1 Judging Style
17.2 The Firstand#160;Two Principlesand#160;of Clear Writing
17.3 A Third Principle: Old before Newand#160;
17.4 Choosing between Active and Passive
17.5 A Final Principle: Complexity Last
17.6 Spit and Polish
and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160;and#160; Quick Tip: The Quickest Revision Strategy
V SOME LAST CONSIDERATIONS
The Ethics of Research
A Postscript for Teachers
Appendix: Bibliographical Resources
General Sources
Index