Political Ideologies and the Democratic Ideal
Seventh Edition
Terence Ball
Richard Dagger
The new edition of this bestselling text continues to provide an accessible overview of the 21st century’s major political ideologies, their origins, and their development. In addition to examining the major “isms” — liberalism, conservatism, socialism, and fascism — the book explores the history, structure, supporting arguments, and internal complexities of these and recently emerging ideologies.
The text outlines a framework defining each ideology in terms of the four functions ideologies performs — explanation, evaluation, orientation, and political program — allowing students to compare, contrast, and analyze the various ideologies. In addition, the book also shows how each ideology interprets “democracy” (which the authors characterize as an ideal rather than an ideology) and “freedom.” In examining the latter notion, the authors analyze each ideology’s view of freedom in terms of agent, obstacle, and goal.
New to the Seventh Edition
-
A discussion of the cultural preconditions of democracy and of their relevance for recent attempts to “democratize” formerly undemocratic countries in Chapter 2.
-
Emerging tensions within liberalism regarding limits upon tolerating intolerant ideologies and political movements, especially as exemplified in recent European experience, in Chapter 3.
-
Emerging tensions within conservatism, especially between religious right conservatism and other varieties of conservative theory and practice, and between neoconservatism and its conservative critics in Chapter 4.
-
An entirely new discussion of Christian evangelical environmentalism or “Creation care” in Chapter 9.
-
Greatly expanded coverage of radical Islamism, including deep divisions within Islam, rival interpretations of the Qur’an, and whether it makes sense to speak of “Islamic fascism” or “Islamofascism” in Chapter 10.
-
Useful website listings within and at the end of each chapter.
Also Available Terrence Ball and Richard Dagger, Ideals and Ideologies: A Reader, 7/e (0-205-60735-7)
A compilation of original readings from a wide range of ideological perspectives, this text puts students directly in touch with the thinkers and the ideas that have shaped our world. Pair the text and reader and receive a discount on the package price. Contact your representative for more information and to request a special package ISBN. www.pearsonhighered.com/replocator
Political Ideologies and the Democratic Ideal
Seventh Edition
Terence Ball
Richard Dagger
The new edition of this bestselling text continues to provide an accessible overview of the 21st century’s major political ideologies, their origins, and their development. In addition to examining the major “isms” — liberalism, conservatism, socialism, and fascism — the book explores the history, structure, supporting arguments, and internal complexities of these and recently emerging ideologies.
The text outlines a framework defining each ideology in terms of the four functions ideologies performs — explanation, evaluation, orientation, and political program — allowing students to compare, contrast, and analyze the various ideologies. In addition, the book also shows how each ideology interprets “democracy” (which the authors characterize as an ideal rather than an ideology) and “freedom.” In examining the latter notion, the authors analyze each ideology’s view of freedom in terms of agent, obstacle, and goal.
New to the Seventh Edition
-
A discussion of the cultural preconditions of democracy and of their relevance for recent attempts to “democratize” formerly undemocratic countries in Chapter 2.
-
Emerging tensions within liberalism regarding limits upon tolerating intolerant ideologies and political movements, especially as exemplified in recent European experience, in Chapter 3.
-
Emerging tensions within conservatism, especially between religious right conservatism and other varieties of conservative theory and practice, and between neoconservatism and its conservative critics in Chapter 4.
-
An entirely new discussion of Christian evangelical environmentalism or “Creation care” in Chapter 9.
-
Greatly expanded coverage of radical Islamism, including deep divisions within Islam, rival interpretations of the Qur’an, and whether it makes sense to speak of “Islamic fascism” or “Islamofascism” in Chapter 10.
-
Useful website listings within and at the end of each chapter.
Also Available Terrence Ball and Richard Dagger, Ideals and Ideologies: A Reader, 7/e (0-205-60735-7)
A compilation of original readings from a wide range of ideological perspectives, this text puts students directly in touch with the thinkers and the ideas that have shaped our world. Pair the text and reader and receive a discount on the package price. Contact your representative for more information and to request a special package ISBN. www.pearsonhighered.com/replocator
Preface xiii
To the Reader xv
About the Authors xvi
Part ONE Ideology and Democracy 1
Chapter 1 Ideology and Ideologies 3
A Working Definition of “Ideology” 5
Human Nature and Freedom 9
Human Nature 10
Freedom 10
Ideology and Revolution 13
Nationalism and Anarchism 14
Nationalism 14
Anarchism 16
Conclusion 17
Notes 17
For Further Reading 17
Chapter 2 The Democratic Ideal 19
The Origins of Democracy 20
Democracy and Republic 24
The Republic and Mixed Government 24
Christianity and Democracy 25
Renaissance and Republicanism 27
The Atlantic Republican Tradition 30
The Return of Democracy 30
Seventeenth-Century Democrats 31
The United States as Democratic Republic 32
De Tocqueville on Democracy 34
The Growth of Democracy 36
Democracy as an Ideal 37
Three Conceptions of Democracy 39
Conclusion 40
Notes 41
For Further Reading 41
Part TWO The Development of Political Ideologies 43
Chapter 3 Liberalism 45
Liberalism, Human Nature, and Freedom 46
Historical Background 47
Medieval Origins 47
The Protestant Reformation 50
Liberalism and Revolution 52
England 52
The American Revolution 57
The French Revolution 59
Liberalism and Capitalism 62
Liberalism in the Nineteenth Century 66
Utilitarianism 67
Liberalism Divided 70
Neoclassical Liberalism 71
Welfare Liberalism 72
Liberalism in the Twentieth Century 74
Historical Developments 74
Philosophical Considerations 76
Libertarian Anarchism 78
Liberalism Today 78
Conclusion 81
Liberalism as an Ideology 81
Liberalism and the Democratic Ideal 83
Notes 85
For Further Reading 84
Chapter 4 Conservatism 87
The Politics of Imperfection 88
The Conservatism of Edmund Burke 89
Human Nature and Society 90
Freedom 91
Revolution and Reform 92
Burke on Government 93
Burke’s Legacy 95
Conservatism in the Nineteenth Century 96
Conservatism and Reaction 96
Cultural Conservatism 98
Tory Democracy 98
Conservatism in the United States 99
Conservatism in the Twentieth Century 101
Conservatism Versus Mass Society 101
Levelling 103
Conservatives and Communism 104
Conservatism Today: A House Divided 105
Traditional Conservatism 106
Individualist Conservatism 106
Neoconservatism 107
The Religious Right 109
Conclusion 110
Conservatism as an Ideology 111
Conservatism and Democracy 111
Notes 112
For Further Reading 112
Chapter 5 Socialism and Communism: More to Marx 115
Human Nature and Freedom 116
Socialism: The Precursors 117
Saint-Simon 119
Fourier 120
Owen 121
The Socialism of Karl Marx 122
The Young Marx 122
The Influence of Hegel 124
Marx’s Theory of History 126
Marx’s Critique of Capitalism 129
The Dialectic of Change 133
The Revolutionary Sequence 134
Notes 138
Further Reading 137
Chapter 6 Socialism and Communism After Marx 141
Marxism After Marx 142
Engels’s Marxism 142
The Revisionists 146
Soviet Marxism-Leninism 149
Chinese Communism 158
Non-Marxist Socialism 162
Anarcho-Communism 162
Fabian Socialism 164
American Socialism 165
Socialism Today 167
Conclusion 171
Socialism as an Ideology 171
Socialism and the Democratic Ideal 172
Notes 173
For Further Reading 173
Chapter 7 Fascism 177
Fascism: The Background 178
The Counter-Enlightenment 179
Nationalism 180
Elitism 182
Irrationalism 183
Fascism in Italy 184
Mussolini and Italian Fascism 185
Fascism in Theory and Practice 187
Fascism in Germany: Nazism 189
Hitler and Nazism 189
Nazism in Theory and Practice 192
Fascism Elsewhere 196
Fascism Today 198
Conclusion 201
Fascism as an Ideology 201
Fascism and the Democratic Ideal 202
Notes 203
For Further Reading 202
Part THREE Political Ideologies Today and Tomorrow 205
Chapter 8 Liberation Ideologies and the Politics of Identity 207
Liberation Ideologies: Common Characteristics 207
Black Liberation 209
Women’s Liberation (Feminism) 213
Gay Liberation 217
Native People’s Liberation (Indigenism) 220
Liberation Theology 223
Animal Liberation 225
Conclusion 229
Liberty, Identity, and Ideology 229
Liberation, Identity and the Democratic Ideal 230
Notes 233
For Further Reading 231
Chapter 9 “Green” Politics: Ecology as Ideology 237
The Green Critique of Other Ideologies 238
Toward an Ecological Ethic 240
Unresolved Differences 244
Conclusion 249
Ecology as Ideology 249
Ecology, Freedom, and the Democratic Ideal 250
Notes 251
For Further Reading 250
Chapter 10 Islam and Radical Islam
Islam: A Short History
Radical Islam
Conclusion
Radical Islam as an Ideology
Radical Islam and the Democratic Ideal
Chapter 11 Postscript: The Future of Ideology 253
Political Ideologies: Continuing Forces 254
Nationalism and Ideology 255
Religion and Ideology 256
Ideology, the Environment, and Globalization 259
Political Ideologies and the Democratic Ideal 260
The End of Ideology? 262
Notes 265